Objective To explore correlations between hepatitis B virus (HBV)genotyping,other clinical information and drug resistance mutations.Methods 358 cases of patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB)were selected as subjects,and the resistance loci and genotypes were detected by using the polymerase chain reaction(PCR)-reverse dot blot technique.Clinical data,such as ser-um HBV DNA loads,serum levels of alanine aminotransferase(ALT)and hepatitis B virus e antigen(HBeAg),gender,age and length of nucleoside analogues use were collected.Results All samples were successfully amplified positive band.Type B(267 ca-ses)was the main HBV genotype,followed by type C(81 cases)and type D(10 cases).In the 31 1 cases of patients taking nucleoside analogues,269 cases were completely wild type.No drug resistance mutation was found in 47 cases of patients not taking medicine. The drug resistance mutations mainly occured in 204 and 180/204 site.There was no significant correlation between resistance mu-tations and gender,age,serum HBV DNA loads,genotype,serum levels of ALT and HBeAg(P >0.05).While the medication time was longer,the incidence of resistant mutants was greater(P <0.05).The 180 mutation had a certain correlation with 204 site mu-tation(P <0.05).Conclusion PCR-reverse dot blot technology can effectively detect the HBV genotype and mutations,which could effectively guide the clinical medication.

Objective:To establish a method for the determination of rutin in Anoectochili roxburghii. Methods:The detection was carried out by HPLC. A Lanbo-Kromasil C18 column(250 mm × 4. 6 mm,5 μm) was used with methanol-0. 2% phosphoric acid solu-tion (40∶60) as the mobile phase;the detection wavelength was 257nm, the flow rate was 1. 0 ml·min-1 and the column temperature was 30℃. Results:Rutin showed a good linear relationship within the range of 0. 021-0. 433 μg(r=0. 999 6). The average recovery was 96. 65%(RSD=1. 67%, n=9). Conclusion:The method is simple, rapid, specific and reproducible.

Objectives To study the incidence of Trichomonas vaginalis(TV)infection in Chinese male patients with nongonococcal urethritis(NGU),to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of urine-based and urethral swab polymerase chain reaction(PCR)detection,and to set up a method of non-invasive detection for male TV infection.Methods One hundred and five male NGU patients were collected from the STD clinic.Two urethral swabs were obtained from each patient,one for InPouch TV culture system,the other for PCR;one urine specimen(first-void urine or first-catch urine)was also collected for PCR detection.Culture was considered as the"gold standard".Compared with the culture,the sensitivity,specificity,positive predictive value(PPV)and negative predictive value(NPV)of two PCR detection were calculated.Results The positive rate of InPouch TV system detection was4.76%(5/105);the positive rate of urine-based PCR and urethral swab PCR detection was3.81%(4/105)and4.76%(5/105),respectively.In comparison with the culture,the sensitivity,specificity,PPV and NPV were80%,100%,100%and99%for urine-based PCR and80%,99%,80%and99%for urethral swab PCR.Conclusions TV is one of the etiological agent for male NGU,the positive rate of TV is4.76%in our study.The urine-based PCR detection has a higher sensitivity and specificity and provides a noninvasive method which is feasible in practice.

To evaluate the efficacy of traraadol for the prevention and treatment of shivering after intracranial surgery performed under induced hypothermia. Methods Ninety patients ( 47 male,43 female ) ,aged 17-59 yr undergoing intracranial surgery under general anesthesia were studied. Anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane inhalation supplemented with lidocaine intravenous infusion. Esophageal temperature, HR, NIBP, SpO2 and PUT CO2 were monitored and recorded every 5 min during operation. Mild hypothermia was induced after induction of anesthesia using temperature adjusting water blanket. Esophageal temperature was maintained at 34℃-35℃ during operation. No measures were taken for rewarming at the end of operation. The patients were randomly divided into 3 groups of 30 patients in each group. In group A tramadol 200mg was given iv when the skin was being sutured, during the postoperative period if shivering occurred tramadol 50mg was given iv. Tramadol 50mg (group B) or 100mg (group C) was given iv when shivering occurred after operation. If shivering did not disappear or recurred, another 50mg of tramadol was given iv. Shivering was divided into 4 grades from 0( no shivering ) to Ⅲ ( muscles of all four extremities twitch ). Results The demographic data and esophageal temperature were comparable among the three groups. The incidence of shivering was much lower in group A ( 33.3 % ) than that in group B ( 73.3% ) and group C (76.7% ). The total dose of tramadol was the smallest and the incidence of side effects was the lowest in group A among the 3 groups. Conclusions Tramadol administrated at the end of surgery can effectively reduce the incidence of shivering during the postoperative period and causes less side effects.

Root canal biofilm is frequently detected in the canal wall of infected root canal and the root canal with failed root canal therapy. Due to its special structure and diverse composition, root canal biofilm has the ability of the drug tolerance and antiimmunity, which lead to apical periodontitis. This review summarizes the features of the root canal biofilm and latest clinical methods to remove it.

Objective To determine the electrical conductivity of cerebrum, liver, lung and muscle of rats at different postmortem intervals for investigating the relationship between EC and PMI. Methods Healthy Sprague-Dawley rats were sacrificed and kept at constant temperature of 25°C. Cerebrum, lung, liver and muscle were extracted at different PMIs of immediate (0d), 1d, 2d, 3d, 4d, 5d, 6d and 7d, and their extraction liquids were prepared with ultrapure water at the ratio of 1g:10mL. EC were separately determined for different tissues and organs. The relationships between EC of different tissues and organs and PMI were analyzed and their regression functions were established. The characteristics of EC values for four tissues and organs were compared and their decomposition processes were discussed. Results EC of brain and muscle showed no significant changes within 1d, and increased rapidly during 2~7d; but EC of liver and lung started to increase within 1d and increased rapidly during 2~7d.The relationship between EC of different tissues and organs and PMI were well fitted with cubic equations and liver gained the highest coefficient (R2=0.96). Additional, the EC of four organs presented various increasing laws in different periods of PMI. Conclusion The EC of cerebrum, lung, liver and muscle of rats were well fitted with PMI and the determination of EC of cadaver tissues can be expected to become an effective method for PMI estimation in forensic practice.

Estimation of postmortem interval(PMI) by ocular tissues has been a new top subject in the forensic research and practice ifelds. A lot of research results showed that the changes of cornea, retina, vitreous humor and aqueous humor and so on exist a high linear correlation with PMI, which can be used to estimate PMI. This paper reviewed recent progress of study on them.

The concept and methods of evidence-based medicine(EBM)has been evolved to impact almost all fields of health care and policy since it first appeared in 1992.but in the field of dentistry or stomatology,many problems remain to be solved in carrying out EBM.The necessity and feasibility of implementing evidence-based dentistry education in China were discussed in this paper for chnical evidence-based decision making and clinical research.The contenk teaching approach and accreditation tools for EBM in dental education were also proposed.

10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.25.010

Objective:To investigate the mechanism of Buguozhi Decoction in improving learning-memory of vascular dementia model rats.Methods:The rat models with VaD were established by bilateral occlusion of both common carotid arteries(2 一V0).The gene expressions of ER-?,NR2B were evaluated by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry.Results:Buguozhi Decoction can significantly improve mRNA and protien pruducts of ER-?,NR2B gene in hippocampus of the vascular dementia model rats,compared with the model group(P