AIM:To research the absorption mechanism of aesculin across Caco-2 monolayer model.METHODS:The Caco-2 cell monolayers drug transport model was assigned to study the double transport mechanism of aesculin to explore the absorption of aesculin according as time and drug concentration determined through HPLC and the P_ app was calcalated.RESULTS:In the Caco-2 monolayer model,the transport of aesculin form Apical to Basolateral was similar to the transport form basolateral to apical.CONCLUSION:The main mechanism of the aesculin intestinal absorption in the Caco-2 monolayer model is passive transference.

Purpose Bronchial arterial embolization is the preferred hemostasis method for hemoptysis when medical treatment is invalid. This paper aims to discuss the safety and efficacy of inferior phrenic artery (IPA) embolization in the treatment of hemoptysis of tuberculosis when IPA is involved. Materials and Methods Twenty-eight patients who were confirmed that IPA got involved in the hemoptysis due to pulmonary tuberculosis by IPA angiography underwent embolization. CT scan was performed before the procedure and IPAs arteriography were performed during the interventional procedure. Once the blood supply was identified, catheterization and embolization was carried out with gelatin sponge particle, sodium polymannuronate microsphere or microcoil according to the patients' conditions. After the procedure, the IPA angiographic manifestations, clinical efficacy and complications were evaluated. Results Thirty-three IPAs were identified as getting involved in the blood supply in the 28 patients. Among those patients, 12 had left IPA involved, 11 had right IPA involved and the rest 5 had IPAs involved in both sides. The selective IPA angiography showed IPAs had enlargement, with numberous and disordered branches and hypervascularity. IPA-pulmonary artery shunt was found in 22 cases. None of the cases was found extravasation of contrast medium. The hemoptysis reoccurred in 4 patients on the second day, sixth day and 6 months after the first embolization, thus the procedures were performed three times in 1 patient and twice in the other 3 patients. Nine patients had fever as complication, 19 patients had chest pain and 5 suffered from mild dyspnea. These complications usually disappeared in 3-7 days after symptomatic treatment. Conclusion IPA embolization is technically feasible and safe, whose complications are likely to be few and self-restrictive.

Estimation of postmortem interval(PMI) by ocular tissues has been a new top subject in the forensic research and practice ifelds. A lot of research results showed that the changes of cornea, retina, vitreous humor and aqueous humor and so on exist a high linear correlation with PMI, which can be used to estimate PMI. This paper reviewed recent progress of study on them.

Objective To discuss feasibility and therapeutic effect of the interventional management through biliary tract drainage with percutaneous transhepatic puncture technique for biliary tract stricture after orthotopic liver transplantation. Methods A retrospective review of the clinical and imaging materials of 292 postoperative orthotopic liver transplantation cases was made. Of these 292 cases, 30 patients suffered from biliary tract complications and treated with billiary balloon dilatation, bile drainage and biliary stenting techniques. Results After biliary balloon dilatation, 3 cases of biliary tract strictures and leaks, 3 cases of simple biliary anastomosis site strictures and 7 out of the 8 cases of multiple biliary tract strictures were cured. In one of the multiple biliary tract stricture patients, a hepatic hematoma after biliary balloon dilatation was found and a second liver transplantation was done. In the 14 cases of multiple biliary tract strictures accompanied with biliary sludge, balloon dilatation technique was repeatedly performed. In 12 of the 14 cases, the strictures were improved remarkably and jaundice was subsided; In one of 14 cases, biliary tract stenting procedure was performed, but liver re-transplatation was carried out because of stent obstruction by much sludge. In the remaining 1 of the 14 cases, because there was no improvement of the strictures and relief of jaundice was revealed after the repeated procedures, liver re-transplantation was finally done In 2 cases of strictures at the opening segment of the T tube, the procedure of percutaneous transhepatic puncture for bile drainage was managed. After the procedure, the strictures were alleviated and the jaundice relieved. Conclusion The interventional managements through percutaneous transhepatic puncture techniques were effective, convenient and minimally invasive for treating biliary tract strictures after orthotopic liver transplantation.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of peroral endoscopic full-thickness myotomy for patients with severe esophageal achalasia.Methods A total of 64 patients with severe achalasia,whose Eckardt's score ≥6,esophageal diameter ≥6 cm or with S-type esophagus,were treated by peroral endoscopic full-thickness myotomy.Data of Eckardt's score,complications,recurrence,gastroscopy and esophageal barium radiography were collected before and during periodical follow-up.Results All the 64 patients underwent peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) successfully,mean operation time was 55 minutes,average length of tunnel and myotomy were 14.1 cm and 10.6 cm respectively,and full-thickness myotomy was performed beyond 6 cm near esophagogastric junction.Symptoms remitted in all patients.Eckardt's score decreased significantly [pre-treatment VS post-treatment,(7.4 ± 1.5) VS (0.6 ± 0.8),P ＜ 0.001],the diameter of esophageal lumen reduced[pre-treatment VS post-treatment,(59.7 ± 13.0) mm VS (31.4 ±3.3) mm,P ＜ 0.001),and the diameter of cardia increased [pre-treatment VS post-treatment,(15.6 ± 10.1) mm VS (33.4 ± 8.9) mm,P ＜ 0.001].Complications occurred in 9.4％ (6/64) of the cases,gas-related complications was 6.3％ (4/64).Treatment success was achieved in 98.4％ cases (63/64) with a follow-up of 6 ～20 months (median 12.3 months),with no recurrence cases.Conclusion Peroral endoscopic full-thickness myotomy is an effective and safe method for severe achalasia.Long-term efficacy and complications need further assessment.

Objective To evaluate the clinical efficacy of submucosal tunnel endoscopic resection (STER) for upper gastrointestinal muscularis propria submucosal tumors (SMTs) with diameter ≥3.5 cm.Methods The clinical data of 14 patients with SMTs≥3.5 cm who were admitted to the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University between October 2011 and July 2014 were retrospectively analyzed, including 13 patients with tumor at esophagus and 1 patient with tumor at cardia.All patients underwent STER and the observed indexes included operation tine, tumor location and diameter, results of pathological examination and occurrence of postoperative complications.All patients were followed up regularly at the out-patient department including reexamination of gastroscopy, endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) and computed tomography (CT) till August 2014.Measurement data with normal distribution were presented as average (range).Results All the 14 patients underwent STER successfully with mean operation time of 83 minutes (range, 60-160 minutes).Fourteen tumors were exited, with 13 located at esophagus and 1 at gastric cardia.En bloc resection was achieved in 13 patients and the tumors were extracted through the tunnel.The tumor in the remaining 1 patient was large with a diameter of 5.3 cm and close to trachea, it was extracted by 2 pieces.The average diameter of 14 tumors extracted was 4.1 cm and postoperative pathological examination confirmed the tumors as leiomyomas.Three patients had postoperative complications, subcutaneous emphysema occurred in 1 patient and retrosternal pain in 1 patient.One patient suffered mucosal laceration and recovered after a metal stent was inserted for 2 weeks.The average duration of postoperative hospital stay was 6.4 days (range, 4.0-8.0 days).All patients were followed up for a median time of 11.5 months (range, 1.0-24.0 months) with no recurrence.Conclusion STER is a safe and effective method for SMTs with diameter≥3.5 cm.

Objective To investigate the risk factors and incidence of gas-related complications in peroral endoscopic myotomy for easophageal achalasia.Methods Clinical data of 216 patients with achalasia treated by peroral endoscopic myotomy from August 2011 to November 2013 were collected.Potential risk factors for gas-related complications were analyzed by univariate and multivariate analysis.Results The incidence of gas-related complications was 10.2％ (22/216).Univariate analysis showed risk factors for complications were Sigmoid type esophagus,simple longitudinal incision for tunnel entry,tunnel width ≤3 cm,degree of myotomy,and operation time (P ＜ 0.05),while multivariate analysis showed the risk factors were Sigmoid type esophagus,simple longitudinal incision for tunnel entry,and tunnel width ≤3 cm(P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Simple longitudinal incision for tunnel entry,tunnel width≤3 cm and sigmoid type esophagus are risk factors of gas-related complications in POEM,while myotomy depth is not.

Background:There have been several studies about peroral endoscopic myotomy( POEM)for treating esophageal achalasia( EA). Although the feasibility,safety and effectiveness of POEM have been demonstrated,comparative studies of full-thickness and circular muscle myotomy were rare. Aims:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of POEM for treating patients with EA. Methods:A total of 216 patients with EA admitted from Aug. 2011 to Nov. 2013 at the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University were treated with POEM,of whom 133 received full-thickness myotomy and 83 received circular muscle myotomy. Data about Eckardt ’s score, diameter of esophageal lumen, intra- and post-operative complications and recurrence before and/or during periodical follow-up were collected,and the efficacy of full-thickness and circular muscle myotomy was compared. Results:All the 216 patients successfully underwent POEM with an average operation time of 59. 1 minutes. Average length of tunnel and myotomy were 13. 3 cm and 10. 1 cm,respectively. Symptoms remitted in all of the 216 patients,Eckardt’s score decreased significantly,diameter of esophageal lumen was reduced(pre-treatment vs. 6 months after treatment,53. 7 mm vs. 30. 8 mm,P<0. 001),and complications occurred in 13. 0%(28/216)of the cases. Success treatment was achieved in 99. 1%(214/216)of the cases with a follow-up of 3-30 months( mean 13. 8 months),no recurrence was noted. The operation time,efficacy and complications were comparable between full-thickness and circular muscle myotomy(P>0. 05). Conclusions:POEM is an effective and safe method for treating EA. Full-thickness myotomy did not increase the operation time and procedure-related complications, however,its long-term efficacy and complications need to be further assessed.

Objective To observe the safety and efficacy of oncolytic adenovirus (H101) implantation under EUS guidance combined with gemcitabine in patients of non-operative pancreatic cancer.Methods From May 2007 to December 2007,6 patients with non-operative pancreatic cancer were enrolled in the study.H101 were implanted into 3 sites of the tumor under EUS guidance.Gemcitabine Was siren systemicly on d2,d9 and d16 after implantation, and repeated 1 month later.Tumor size and perfusion were assessed by computed reconstruction and perfusion imaging.Changes of clinical indices,adverse effects and complications were also recorded.Results All patients completed the two periods of treatment as planned.Tumor size decreased in 5 cases(18.21%-38.65%),but without statistical difference (P=0.078).The area of liver metastasis Was found decreased in 1 ease.Perfusion imaging showed significant increase of mean transit time(P=0.049) and improvement in blood flow,blood volume and permeability surface at 2 weeks after the treatment. KPS increased in 2 patients and pain score decreased in 3 patients.Three patients died 2.5,2.5 and 3 months respectively after the procedure.while 3 other patients are still alive with the survival time of 3,5 and 10 months. Major adverse effects associated with H101 implantation were fever and flu-like symptoms.Mild acute pancreatitis occurred in 1 cage.Conclusion EUS guided oncolytic adenovirus implantation in advanced pancreatic cancer is feasible and safe.With the combination of gemcitabine,it is capable of shrinking the tumor size,destroying the angiogenesis of the tumor and improving the patients'living quality.

INTRODUCTIONIn this study, we have developed and optimised a novel gelatin-chitosan (GC) substrate for use as a cellular carrier for tissue-engineered conjunctival epithelium.

MATERIALS AND METHODSThe substrate was fabricated by casting and the mechanical properties of the substrate, including tensile strength and elongation, were measured. Using the MTT, cell proliferation assay with rabbit conjunctival fibroblasts, we optimised the G:C ratio to enhance cytocompatibility. Rabbit conjunctival epithelial cells were immunostained using monoclonal antibodies for keratin 4 and pancytokeratin to investigate the biological effects of the GC substrate on the proliferation and differentiation of epithelial cells.

RESULTSWe found that increasing the amount of gelatin resulted in an increase in elasticity (from 1:9 to 1:1 ratio), reaching a maximum (101.89% +/- 7.13%) at a ratio of 1:1. The MTT assay showed that the proliferation of conjunctival fibroblasts significantly increased from 0.068 +/- 0.017 to 0.177 +/- 0.011 (P = 0.014) as the gelatin was increased from 20% (1:4) to 50% (1:1). Additional studies using tissue-cultured conjunctiva explants showed that these explants grew well on the substrate, forming a multilayered epithelium. Cell morphology on this substrate was similar to that of cells grown on culture dishes alone. Positive staining of keratin 4 and pancytokeratin indicated that the substrate supported normal differentiation of conjunctival epithelial cells.

CONCLUSIONBy enhancing the proportion of gelatin, both the mechanical and biological properties of the chitosan substrate were improved. The results also suggest that this GC biomembrane may be a useful candidate for reconstructive tissue engineering of the conjunctiva.

Animals ; Biocompatible Materials ; Cell Proliferation ; Cells, Cultured ; Chitosan ; Conjunctiva ; cytology ; metabolism ; physiology ; Elasticity ; Epithelium ; physiology ; Gelatin ; Keratins ; metabolism ; Rabbits ; Tensile Strength ; Tissue Engineering