Ion channels are membrane proteins that are found in a number of viruses and which are of crucial physiological importance in the viral life cycle.They have one common feature in that their action mode involves a change of electrochemical or proton gradient across the bilayer lipid membrane which modulates viral or cellular activity.We will discuss a group of viral channel proteins that belong to the viroproin family,and which participate in a number of viral functions including promoting the release of viral particles from cells.Blocking these channel-forming proteins may be"lethal",which can be a suitable and potential therapeutic strategy.In this review we discuss seven ion channels of viruses which can lead serious infections in human beings: M2 of influenza A,NB and BM2 of influenza B,CM2 of influenza C,Vpu of HIV-1,p7 of HCV and 2B of picornaviruses.

Energy-based surgical instrumentation (ESI) are surgical devices ablating or cutting tissues via the application of electrical,luminous,acoustic or other energy.High frequency electrotomes are widely used due to the low price,but they produce smoke in the process of surgery and incisions heal slowly.Ultrasonically activated scalpels' cutting performance is satisfying with easily healing incisions while its coagulating capability is poor.Laser scalpels are qualified for both cutting and coagulating in spite of the need of novel technology to overcome the characteristic that tissues absorb laser wavelength selectively.

Objective To evaluate the therapeutic effects of whole course hyperfractionation radiotherapy for esophageal carcinoma. Methods Form January 2000 to December 2001,126 patients with esophageal carcinoma were treated by whole course hyperfractionation radiotherapy(120～140 cGy per fraction, 2 times per day, to a total dose of 6400～7400 cGy) in our department. Results The short-term effective rate was 99.21%. The 1, 2 and 5 year survival rate was 61.11%, 41.27%, 23.02% and the median survival time was 1.29 years. The 1, 2 and 5 year disease-free survival rates was 57.94%, 38.10%, 19.84% and the median disease-free survival time was 1.16 years. Conclusion It is promising of whole course hyperfractionation radiotherapy for esophageal carcinoma. But it must be validated by the large-scale clinical trials.

Objective To investigate the effects of sevoflurane preconditioning on autophagy after traumatic brain injury (TBI) in rats and the role of C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway.Methods Sixty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats,weighing 220-250 g,were randomly divided into 4 groups (n =15 each) using a random number table:sham operation group (group S),group TBI,TBI + sevoflurane preconditioning group (group TBI + Sevo) and TBI + sevoflurane preconditioning + JNK inhibitor SP600125 group (group TBI + Sev + SP).TBI models were established using Feeney' s method.In TBI + Sev and TBI + Sev + SP groups,the rats inhaled 2.4％ sevoflurane for 30 min once a day for 4 concecutive days,and TBI was produced at 24 h after the end of sevoflurane preconditioning.In TBI + Sev + SP group,SP600125 (6 mg/kg) was injected intrapetitoneally at 30 min after TBI.Five rats were chosen at day 1,3,and 7 after TBI,and neurological deficit score (NDS) was measured.The rats were then sacrificed and brains were removed to measure brain water content,expression of LC3 lⅡ and Beclin-1 mRNA (using PCR),and expression of LC3 Ⅱ,Beclin-1,JNK and phosphorylated JNK (p-JNK) (by Western blot).Results Compared with group S,brain water content and NDS were significantly increased,and the expression of LC3 Ⅱ and Beclin-1 protein and mRNA,JNK,and p-JNK was up-regulated in the other three groups.Brain water content and NDS were significantly decreased,and the expression of LC3 Ⅱ and Beclin-1 protein and mRNA,JNK,and p-JNK was down-regulated in TBI + Sev and TBI + Sev + SP groups as compared with group TBI,and in TBI + Sev + SP group as compared with TBI + Sev group.Conclusion The mechanism by which sevoflurane preconditioning mitigates TBI is related to inhibiton of activation of JNK signaling pathway and decreased autophagy in rats.

Objective To establish the HPLC fingerprint of Disporum cantoniense. Methods HPLC analysis was performed on Agilent Zorbax SB-C18 chromatographic column ( 250 mm × 4. 6 mm, 5 μm) with the mobile phase consisting of methanol-0.05% phosphoric acid in gradient mode.The flow rate was 1.0 mL·min-1, the detection wavelength was 256 nm and the column temperature was 30 ℃. Results The HPLC fingerprint of 15 batches of Disporum cantoniense was established. Thirteen common peaks in the fingerprint were demarcated, four of which were identified by reference substances. Chemical pattern recognition of fingerprint was performed by hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis. Conclusion The method is simple, accurate and has a good repeatability, and can be used for quality control of Disporum cantoniense.

OBJECTIVE:To study the effectiveness of the management measures on the enhancing of pharmacy services quality in our hospital.METHODS:The concerned data about the management measures such as rules that‘those who rece_ ived the prescriptions the first should be responsible for which’,activity that‘no error,no appealing for100days’,rules th_ at‘exchanging notebooks about working quality’,etc.,were analyzed by SPSS10.0software package.RESULTS:The ef?fective practice of management measures can increase patients'satisfaction and trust in the consultancy.CONCLUSION:The management measures are helpful in the enhancement of pharmacy services quality and the information communication between pharmacy department and the other concerned departments.

Objective:To explore the clinical characteristics, treatment and prognosis of primary cardiac tumors in infants and children.Methods:The clinical information for 21 patients with primary cardiac tumor in the Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University from May 2010 to August 2018 were analyzed retrospectively.Their median age was 7 months (gestational age 26 weeks-15 years old, and 6 cases were found in fetal phase) and 10 cases of them were male, 11 cases were girl.The clinical features, treatment methods and prognosis were summarized.Results:Among the 21 patients, 8 cases had an atypical heart murmur, 2 cases with chest tightness and chest pain, 2 cases with congestive heart failure, 1 case with dizziness and amaurosis, 1 case with cerebral artery embolism, 1 case with higher inflammatory index, and 9 cases were asymptomatic.Totally, 13 cases underwent surgical resection.All of them were confirmed as benign tumors, including 4 cases of rhabdomyoma, 3 cases of myxoma, 3 cases of fibroma and 2 cases of inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) and 1 case of teratomas.There was no death during perioperative period.Follow-ups were performed from 3 months to 7 years, and 3 cases had recu-rrence (2 cases with myxomas and 1 cases with IMT). There were 8 cases without treatment, of which 7 cases were clinically diagnosed as transverse leiomyoma.During the follow-up, 3 cases disappeared, 1 case became small, 2 cases had no obvious change, and 1 case was lost to follow-up.One case was considered to be malignant tumor, and died within half a year.Conclusions:Primary cardiac tumors in children are mostly benign, especially transverse leiomyoma, and their clinical manifestations are diverse.Pathological examination is the golden standard for diagnosis.Surgical treatment is a radical method for most cardiac tumors, some benign tumors can be treated with drug adjuvant therapy, while the prognosis is poor for malignant cardiac tumor patients.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of fiberoptic bronchoscope(FOB)-guided orotracheal intubation with Glidescope videolaryngoscopy in elderly patients.Methods Forty ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients,agaed 65-77yr,weighing 43-82 kg,scheduled for abdominal surgery under general anesthesia with trcheal intubation,were randomly divided into 2 groups ( n =20 each):group FOB and FOB-guided tracheal intubation with Glidescope videolaryngoscopy(group Glidescope).Anesthesia was induced with mideazolam 0.04 mg/kg,cis-atracutium 0.2 mg/kg,fentany 2-3 μg/kg and propofol 1.5 mg/kg,orotracheal intubation was performed 3 min after intravenous cis-artracurium.The intubation time,success rate of orotracheal intubation and hypoxemia were recorded.The number of glottic exposure,epiglottic exposure with Glidescope videolargngoscopy were recorded in group Glidescope.Results The intubation time was shorter and success rate of orotracheal intubation at first attempt was higher in group Glidescope than in group FOB ( P ＜ 0.05).The number of glottic exposure with Glideseope videolaryngoscopy was 15 patients(75％ ) and epiglottic exposure was 5 patients(25％ ) in group Glidescope.Hypoxemia was not found in the two groups.Conclusion FOB-guided orotracheal intubation with Glidescope videolaryngoscopy shorten the intubation time and higher success rate,and can be used effectively in the elderly patients.

Objective Objective In order to better keep up with the development of transplantation immunobiology.we established and compared two types of mouse heterotopic heart transplantation,and hope to help further organ transplantation studies.Methods According to the surgical procedures of Ono's type and Chen's type of mouse model of heterotopic heart transplantation with some modification,we performed celiac and cervical heteropotic heart transplantation between iso-strains and hetero-strains,and compared the operation suecess rate,operation time,allografi survival time,and histopathology of those establishment methods.Results The success rates of mouse celiac and cervical heterotopic heart transplantation were 86.7% and 83.3%,respectively,with a non-significant difference(P>0.05) between the two methods of operation regarding the total operation time,survival time of the allografts,and histopathological findings.Conclusions Based on the mastery of microsurgical techniques,the two models of heterotopic mouse heart transplantation can be established equally,and either of them can be considered depending on the particular requirements of studies.

Objective To reveal the geographical distribution regularity of the normal reference value of old female’s hemoglobin in China,and provide scientific basis for making its unified standards.Methods The normal reference values of 15 690 examples of old female’s hematocrit by the method of hemoglobin cyanide(HiCN)and five geographical factors in 157 areas in China,its distribution regularity and the complex relationship characteristic between geography environment elements were analyzed with the methods of factor analysis,spatial analysis of GIS and correlation analysis.Results By the method of factor analysis,the five factors of geography environment were combined into two common factors F1and F2;the original data was replaced with its scores to infer the regression equation :y^=127.9-0.01009F1-0.01543F2?8.8.And this equation was used to figure out the reference value of 1 288 observation points in China.With support of the model of spatial analysis of GIS,the distribution regulation of old female’s hemoglobin reference value in China and its distribution regularity was west-higher,east-lower,north-higher and south-lower.Conclusion If some area’s altitude(X1),sunshine hours yearly(X2),mean relative humidity yearly(X3),mean temperature yearly(X4),precipitation yearly(X5) are known,this place’s reference value of hemoglobin can be calculated out by using this equation.The reference value of hemoglobin in any areas in China can be gotten from the trend distribution regularity map.