Root canal biofilm is frequently detected in the canal wall of infected root canal and the root canal with failed root canal therapy. Due to its special structure and diverse composition, root canal biofilm has the ability of the drug tolerance and antiimmunity, which lead to apical periodontitis. This review summarizes the features of the root canal biofilm and latest clinical methods to remove it.

Osteoclastic bone resorption and osteoblastic bone formation are coordinated as a coupled mechanism to effect the development of bone and to maintain bone homeostasis. Recently reported Eph/ephrin bidirectional signaling between osteoclasts and osteoblasts plays a pivol role in bone homeostasis and casts new light on coupling of bone resorption and bone formation, which is gaining more and more attention in researches of bone biology and bone diseases. The present article aims to address the researches on the Eph/ephrin bidirectional signaling between osteoblasts and osteoclasts with molecular constitution, mechanism of the signal transduction, biological significance and so on.

Objective: To study the relationship between orthodonti c treatment and temporomandibular joint disorders(TMD). Methods: The survey tables and their corresponding database were designed with the aid of computer. The questionnaire and clinical examination were administered t o 173 cases who had received orthodontic treatment (orthodontic group), 95 case s with morphologic malocclusion and without having orthodontic treatment ( maloc clusion group) and 32 cases with normal occlusion (normal group).Symptoms and s igns of TMD were collected,the data were analyzed with the databases. Results: The survey tables and their corresponding database were se t up. There were statistically significant differences between the orthodontic g roup and malocclusion group in the distribution of anamnestic, clinical dysfunct ion and occlusion indices (P

Objective:To establishing model of anterior disc displacement(ADD) of temporomandibular joint(TMJ) by persistent inducement of traction through orbit. Methods:The inferior and posterior walls of orbit of right side in 8 rabbits were exposed. The anterior part of disc was vertically passed through using a suture needle with an elastic rubber. The double strands of the elastic rubber was stretched forward from 7 mm to 16 mm and fixed in the hole drilled in the zygomatic arch bellow inferior orbit. The rabbits were killed 1,2,4 and 8 weeks after operation respectively, then both TMJs of each were resected. The paraffin sections were made and stained with hematoxylin & eosin. Results:The mandible of the rabbits deviated to the left side with inclined attribution of incisors. The disc was displaced forward and the degree of ADD in the rabbits was similar. Conclusions:The disc anterior displacement of temporomandibular joint can be induced by persitent anterior traction of the disc.

BACKGROUND:The relationship of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FBGFR3) and malignant tumor has been confirmed. However, domestic and foreign studies on whether FBGFR-3 plays a role in odontogenic tumor with special biological characteristic are few.OBJECTIVE: To observe the expression of FBGFR-3 in odontogenic tumor.DESIGN: A randomized controlled observation.SETTING: Department of Stomatology, Medical College, Medical College of Huzhou Teachers College; Stomatology Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang University.MATERIALS:This experiment was carried out in the Stomatology Hospital, Medical College Affiliated to Zhejiang University between January 2003 and December 2004.All the samples were from the odontogenic tumor patients admitted to Department of Pathology, Stomatology Hospital Affiliated to Medical College of Zhejiang University between year 1999 and year 2000, including 29 patients with ameloblastoma, 20 keratocyst and 36 primordial cyst. Normal dental crypt or residual dental lamina epithelium tissue served as control. All the samples were embedded by paraffin, sliced into 3 to 5 μm-thickness sections, placed on polylysine-spread slide, and dried for later use.METHODS: The expressions of FBGFR-3 in the normal dental crypt or residual dental lamina epithelium tissue,odontogenic ameloblastoma, keratocyst and primordial cyst were detected by immunohistochemical method.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Expressions of FBGFR-3 in ameloblastoma, keratocyst and primordial cyst.RESULTS: The expression of FBGFR-3 in the ameloblastoma, keratocyst and primordial cyst was positive, presenting 59%, 45% and 8%, respectively, and there were significant differences in expression of FBGFR-3 among these three;FGGFR-3 was not expressed in the normal dental crypt and residual dental lamina epithelium tissue. FBGFR-3-positive cells gathered in the maturation region of tumor cells.CONCLUSION: FBGFR-3 may be related to the pathogenesis of ameloblastoma and keratocyst, and terminal differentiation mechanism.

Objective: To study temporomandibular joint function after mandibular fracture. Methods: According to the methods of Helkimo, the questionnaire and clinical examination were administered in 36 cases with mandibular fracture and 32 health controls. Results:There were statistically significant difference between the fracture group and control group in anamnestic dysfunction and clinical dysfunction index(P0.05).Conclusion: People with mandibular fracture have more symptoms and sign of temporomandibular dysfunction in the time ranged.

Objective To summarize the clinical experiences of total cavopulmonary connection (TCPC), investigate the applications and short and mid term effects. Methods From 1999 to 2007,31 patients with complex congenital heart disease underwent TCPC. All patients were divided into child group(≤16 years old ,n =21 ) and a-dult group( n = 10 ), including 15 cases of functional univentricle, 8 cases of complete atrioventricular septal defect with double outlet of right ventricle, 3 cases of transposition with double outlet right ventricle, 3 cases of tricuspid atresia, 1 case of double outlet of right ventricle with hypoplastic left heart. 1 case of corrected transposition of the great arteries with TOF. Among them, 1 patient had cortriatriatum, 10 patients had left superior vena cave, moderate or severe mitral valve insufficiency occurred in 1, moderate atrioventricular valve insufficiency occurred in 3.28 pa-tients underwent TCPC with cardiopulmonary bypass ( CPB ) and 3 patients without CPB ;Of them, 21 patients were treated with extracardiac conduit and 10 cases with intratrial lateral tunnel. Results There was no early death,post-operative death or large quantities of pleural effusion in child group;but two deaths and three patients with large quantities of pleural effusion in adult group. One case caught up in inferior venous stasis and was cured. Follow- up was carded out from 6 months to 6 years. 26 patients were in NYHA class Ⅰ ,2 patients in NYHA class Ⅱ and only one patient in NYHA class Ⅲ. Conclusions TCPC is effectively used for complex congenital heart disease which can not be corrected in anatomy;serious postoperative complications often occur in adults. Atrioventricular valve in-sufficiency decisively affects the short and midterm effects, even the long-term effects.

OBJECTIVEThis study aimed at using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) to study the influence ofprolonged unilateral posterior teeth loss on bilateral condylar morphology.

METHODSThe CBCT images of 30 patients withprolonged unilateral posterior teeth loss and 30 healthy people as controls were corrected. Mimics 15.0 software was used tomeasure volume, area, distance, and bone density of condyle. The results were statistically analyzed.

RESULTSThe volumeand bone density of condylar head and the entire condyle on missing teeth side were less than the contralateral side (P<0.05).The area and bone density of condylar transverse plane were greater than the contralateral side (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONAfter prolonged unilateral posterior teeth loss, adaptive reconstruction occurs in the bilateral condyles, and condyle of missing teethside is smaller than the contralateral side.

Objective To evaluate the outcome of surgical treatment of tricuspid valve regurgitation after valve replacement.Methods Twenty one patients with tricuspid valve insufficiency after valve replacement were performed surgical treatment.Tricuspid valve-plasty was performed in 17 patients and tricuspid valve replacement was done in 4 patients.Three patients underwent edge-to-edge tricuspid valveplasty.DeVega procedure was performed in 5 patients.Cosgrove-Edward annuloplasty ring was used in 15 patients.Four patients' valve were replaced by SJM bileallet mechanical prostheses.Results There was 3 patients dead early after operation with a mortality of 14.3％(3/21).The causes of death including multiple organ failure,cardiac arrest and low cardiac output syndrome.The rate of early postoperative complications was 33.3％ (7/21),including pulmonary edema,arrhythmia,acute renal failure and low cardiac output syndrome.The patients were followed up 9-60 months.The rate of readmission was 23.8％ (5/21).Two patients went to hospital again for pleural effusion,1 patient for left ventricular dysfunction and 2 patients for right ventricular dysfunction.The other patients recovered well.Conclusions Surgical therapy is effective on severe tricuspid valve regurgitation after valve replacement.Preoperative aggressive treatment of heart failure,a reasonable grasp of surgical indications and timing of surgery,strict perioperative management are the keys to guarantee patients a smooth recovery.

Objective To study the brain protection of sequential double-sided antegrade cerebral perfusion to central nervous system in arotie arch surgery. Methods 24 patients received aortic arch replacement under deep hyperthermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) ,with fight-sided, and following double-sided, and left-sided,if necessary, antagrade cerebral perfnsion through right axillary arterial cannula or right femoral arterial eannula homeochronously. Post-operation recovery and the central nervous complications (CNC) were recorded and analyzed. Results 2 cases died, one of whom died of refractory low cardiac output syndrome and the other died of late massive gastrointestinal tract hemorrhage. No patient suffered severe CNC. Conclusion Sequential double-sided antegrade cerebral perfusion combined with DHCA can provide good brain protection in arotic arch replacement.