The 2b protein encoded by Cucumber mosaic virus(CMV)plays an important pathogenicity role in many solanaceous hosts,but mechanism of inducing disease is still unknown.In order to investigate virulence of the 2b protein on Nicotiana glutinosa plants,in terms of chloroplast structure and photosynthesis,a mutant Fny-CMV?2bpro,which cannot express the 2b protein,was achieved by introducing mutant sites in the 2b gene of Fny-CMV.N.glutinosa seedlings were inoculated with wild-type Fny-CMV and the mutant Fny-CMV?2bpro,and were analyzed for symptom expression,chlorophyll content,photosynthetic rate,and ultra-structural alteration of chloroplast.Up to 30 days post inoculation,wild-type Fny-CMV caused symptoms of severe mosaic,leaf deformation,and stunting,reduced photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content,and altered the ultra-structure and morphological characters of the chloroplasts.However,host seedlings inoculated with the mutant Fny-CMV?2bpro expressed only slight mosaic symptom.Their photosynthetic rates and chlorophyll contents were not significantly different from those of the mock-inoculated plants,and the ultra-structure and morphological characters of their chloroplasts appeared to be normal.The observed low photosynthetic rates and chlorophyll contents were related to the breakage of the chloroplast morphology and ultra-structure.Results of Northern blotting showed that the virulence of 2b protein was associated with high accumulation level of CMV progeny RNAs in systemic leaves.Non-expression of the 2b protein reduced the accumulation levels of its genomic RNAs 1 and 2.The level of subgenomic RNA4,encoding CP protein,was found to be significantly decreased.

Objcetive To investigate the protective effects of the nitroxides R-1 on human liver cells exposed to ionizing radiation.Methods Human liver cells L-02 were cultured and irradiated with 60Co γ-rays at the doses of 0,1,2,4,and 8 Gy,in order to screen the proper irradiation dose.WR2721 at the terminal concentration of 4 mmol/L was used as positive control.L-02 cells irradiated with 4 Gy were added with R-1 at the terminal concentration of 0.25 μmol/L at 30 min before irradiation or immediately after irradiation.MIT method was used to screen the proper conditions for follow-up experiment 72 h later.L-02 cell culture fluid was added with R-1 at the concentrations of 0,0.125,0.25,0.5,and 1 μmol/L,respectively for 30 min before irradiation at the doses of 0,1,2,4,and 8 Gy to ealculate clone formation rate at 10 d post-irradiation.L-02 cells were cultured and divided into 4 groups:control group without any treatment.drug group pretreated by 0.25 μmol/L R-1 only,irradiation group,irradiated at 4 Gy only,and drug + irradiation group with combination of 0.25 μmol/L R-01 and 4 Gy irradiation.The inverted microscopy and Hoechst 33258 staining and flow eytometry were used to observe the apoptosis of the cells at 24,48,and 72 h later.Results Nitroxides R-1 did not inhibit the viability of L-02 cell when its concentration was less than 1 μmol/L and it inhibited the L-02 cell growth when the concentration wu higher than 2 μmoL/L.The A value and colony formation rate of different concentration of R-1 groups were all higher than those of the irradiation group,and the effect of the 0.25 μmol/L drug concentration group was the most significant.Consequently,the concentration 0.25 μmoL/L was selected for follow-up experiment.Compared with the irradiation group,the L-02 cells of the pretreatment group showed solid adherence, increased refraction,clear outline,less apoptotic and dead cells at 4 Gy post-irradiation.Conclusions Nitroxides R-1 can protect the human liver cells from 60Coγ-ray induced injury effectively.The mechanism of its protective effect may be the reduction of apoptosis.

BACKGROUND:Arteriovenous internal fistula is the first choice for hemodialysis. In the process of hemodialysis, many patients suffer from venous outflow stenosis. The methods including thrombolysis, intervention, surgical repair and fistula reconstruction al have their disadvantages. OBJECTIVE:To compare the midterm effects of polytetrafluoroethylene segment implantation and exclusively surgical repair in arteriovenous internal fistula with outflow tract obstruction. METHODS:Eighty patients with venous outflow stenosis, aged 22-80 years, were divided into test group (n=50;polytetrafluoroethylene segment implantation) and control group (n=30;simple surgical repair). The post-operative infection rate, postoperative time til recurrence of fistula dysfunction, and accumulate survival rate were compared between the two groups. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:During the fol ow-up period of 10-28 months in the test group, there were nine patients with vascular access dysfunction, and the accumulate survival rate was 100%for 6 postoperative months, 92%for 12 months, and 82%for 18 months. In the control group, there were seven cases of vascular access dysfunction at 8-28 months of fol ow-up, and the accumulate survival rate was 93%for 6 postoperative months, 87%for 12 months, and 77%for 18 months. No statistical y significant difference in the postoperative infection rate was observed between the two groups. The Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed that the accumulate survival rate was slightly higher in the test group than the control group, but there was no significant difference based on log-rank test (P=0.44). These findings indicate that polytetrafluoroethylene segment implantation for arteriovenous internal fistula with outflow tract obstruction has the similar effects as the surgical repair if it does not alter the autologous behavior of the initial access and maximal y reserve the vessels for puncture.

Objective To explore the influences of proliferation and differentiation of preadipocytes on high fat diet-induced obesity and obesity prevention through exercises in rats.Methods Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into a normal diet control group (C,n=8),a normal diet with exercises group (E,n=8),a high fat diet control group (H,n=14) and a high fat diet with exercises group (HE,n=10).Group C and group H kept sedentary,while group E and group HE underwent treadmill exercises at about 75％VO2max level.After 12 weeks of intervention,the body weight,epididymal,perirenal and retroperitoneal fat mass were recorded,and the total fat mass was determinated.Stereology method was used to calculate the number and average diameter of fat cells.Western Blotting was conducted to measure the expression of PPARγ and C/EBPα protein in adipose tissues.Results (1) The body weight and total fat mass of group H were significantly higher than those of group C (P＜0.01).Perirenal,retroperitoneal fat and total fat mass of group E and HE were significantly lower than those of group C and H respectively (P＜0.01).(2) The total fat cell number of group H was significantly higher than that of group C.The average diameter of fat cells in perirenal and retroperitoneal fat pads of group E were significantly lower than that of group C (P＜0.05,P＜0.01),while that of group HE in epididymal,perirenal and retroperitoneal fat pads was significantly lower than that of group H (P＜0.01).(3) Compared with group C,the expression of PPARγ protein of group E and H increased significantly in epididymal,perirenal and retroperitoneal fat pads (P＜0.01).The expression of C/EBPα protein of group H was significantly higher than that of group C in epididymal and perirenal fat pads (P＜0.01),the expression of C/EBPα protein of group E was significantly higher than that of group C in perirenal and retroperitoneal fat pads (P＜0.01),while the expression of C/EBPα protein of group HE was significantly lower than that of group H in perirenal fat pads(P＜0.01).Conclusion The proliferation and differentiation of preadipocyte was enhanced in the development of high fat diet induced obesity and exercises to prevent obesity,but its role and mechanisms were different.The high fat diet increases the number of fat cells which is a compensatory mechanism for the body to adapt to fat accumulation,while exercises might promote cell renewal and decrease the average size of fat cells which is an adaptive mechanism to improve fat storage.

Anopheles minimus was once a main malaria vector in Hainan Island and had been e-liminated basically through the campaign of indoor residual spraying launched in 1959. It again became an incriminated vector of some focal malaria outbreaks in recent years. The present study was conducted in a selected county-Danxian and a typical hilly area-Feibar in the west part of Danxian county in 1989-1990.An. minimus was found in 50% and 62. 5 % of the surveyed sites at mountainous and hilly area of Danxian county,but not found in coastal region. An. minimus was found in all 18 sites surveyed in Feibar district constituting 52% of anopheline composition. Man-biting rate made by human-baited collection was 3. 2 before midniaght and 38. 2 when collected through whole night in some sites. However, the behaviour characteristics of An. minimus has changed. It has become exophilic,exophagic, and has an equal preference for man and cattle. The vectorial capacity of An. minimus estimated by quantitative data was in accord with malaria infection rate in Feibar district ,and the malaria infection rate among the inhabitants in three types of residential quarter with different socioeconomic conditions. Malaria infection rates of residential quarter of land-reclamation outcomers, villagers and state farm residents were 10%,2. 9% and 0. 5% respectively during 40 days from July to August,1990.Owing to the fact that An. minimus has become a secondary vector only next to An. dirus, with a wide range of distribution and a considerable different characteristics in behaviour compared to that before spraying campaign , it is suggested that a malaria control programme must be seriously planned to adjust the new problem of malaria epidemiology in Hainan Province.

Objective To compare the genetic barriers to development of primary mutations related to drug resistance to protease inhibitors (PI), nucleioside reverse transcriptase inhibitors ( NRTI ), and non-nucleioside reverse transcriptase inhibitors ( NNRTI ) among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 CRF01_AE, CRF07_BC, and CRF08_BC strains, and to understand the difference of varying patterns of drug resistance related mutations within these subtypes. Methods One hundred and ninety naive HIV-positive subjects from Nanning City and Liuzhou City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, were recruited. Peripheral blood samples were collected from all participants. HIV-1 RNAs were extracted from plasma, and the pol regions were amplified and sequenced. Sequences were subjected to phylogenetic analysis to determine the subtypes of HIV-1 isolates. Nucleotide transitions and transversions were counted for each primary mutation in these sequences. According to the phenomena that transitions occur on average 2. 5 times frequently than transversions, each transition was scored as 1, and each transversion scored as 2. 5. The sum of the scores for a particular substitution was calculated, and this value was taken as the genetic barrier to development of this mutation. Then, the differences of genetic barriers among the subtypes were assessed by Kruskal-Wallis test and Nemenyi test. Results A total of 123 sequences of CRF01_AE,CRF07_BC and CRF08_BC strains were selected. CRF08_BC had a lower genetic barrier for T/S69Dsubstitution than CRF01_AE and CRF07_BC (χ2 =107. 501, P＜0.01), while CRF01_AE and CRF07_BC had lower genetic barriers for V118I and L210W substitution than CRF08_BC. In addition,CRF07_BC had a decreased genetic barrier for V106M compared with CRF01_AE and CRF08_BC.Conclusions In the presence of the same selective pressure, subtypes CRF01_AE and CRF07_BC may be more likely to develop V118I and L210W substitution than CRF08_BC. However, CRF08_BC may be more likely to develop T/S69D substitution than CRF01_AE and CRF07_BC. Meanwhile, CRF07_BC may be easier to develop V106M substitution than CRF01_AE and CRF08_BC.

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of the micro-crosslinked hyaluronic acid injected by Shuiguang Needle Injection in facial rejuvenation.Methods:Thirty-two patients were enrolled. In this split face study, micro-crosslinked hyaluronic acid and non-crosslinked hyaluronic acid were randomly applied in the treated side of the face. Procedure efficacy (judged by VISIA), complication and subjects＇ satisfaction were assessed before treatment, one month, two months and three months after treatment.Results:According to the VISIA, 32 cases were effective one month after treatment on the treatment side, accounting for 100%; 28 cases were effective three months after the end of treatment, accounting for 87.51%. On the control side, 28 cases were effective one month after treatment, accounting for 87.50%, and 7 cases were effective after three months, accounting for 21.88%. There was no statistically significant difference in complications between the left and right sides; 31 patients were satisfied on the treatment side, accounting for 96.88%, and 28 patients on the control side were satisfied, accounting for 87.50%.Conclusions:The micro-crosslinked hyaluronic acid injected by Shuiguang Needle Injection appears to be effective and durable for facial rejuvenation. And it has a low complication rate and high subject satisfaction.

Objective:To investigate the clinical effect of repairing postoperative nasal skin cancer defect with subcutaneous pedicle flap based on partition and blood supply.Methods:From March 2018 to September 2020, 39 patients with skin cancer (basal cell carcinoma, Bowen′s disease, squamous cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma in situ) were repaired with kites subcutaneous pedicle flap after extensive resection.Results:Thirty-nine patients were treated with parafasal kite flaps, including 44 cases. The donor sites of the flap were nasal tip in 4 cases, bilateral alar in 7 cases, bilateral nasolabial sulcus in 19 cases, bilateral parasinal in 12 cases and interglabellar in 2 cases. There were no serious complications such as necrosis, hematoma or infection. During the follow-up period of 6 to 24 months, 2 patients complained of occasional tingling in the surgical area, 1 complained of occasional pruritus, and 1 patient had local recurrence of squamous cell carcinoma and underwent surgery again. The scar was evaluated 6 months after surgery, and the scores of Vancouver scar scale and visual analogue scale were 2.42±1.04 and 7.83±1.21, respectively. The skin color of the operation area was similar to that of the surrounding skin without obvious local strain deformation.Conclusions:The subcutaneous pedicle flap designed by considering the nasal division and blood supply has a high survival rate, fewer complications and small local appearance deformation, which is worthy of popularization and application.

OBJECTIVETo detect mutation of COL1A1 gene in a Chinese family affected with type I osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) and to provide prenatal diagnosis for a fetus at 17th gestational week.

METHODSPolymerase chain reaction, DNA sequencing and restriction endonuclease analysis were used to verify the detected mutation among other members of the family and 100 healthy controls.

RESULTSNo mutation has been detected in the COL1A2 gene in all of the subjects. A heterozygous mutation c.104-1G>C was identified in the COL1A1 gene among all patients from this family. The same mutation was not found in other members from the family and the 100 healthy controls. The mutation was not found in the fetus, and was verified to be a new mutation according to the type I collagen mutation database.

CONCLUSIONThe c.104-1G>C mutation of the COL1A1 gene probably underlies the type I osteogenesis imperfecta in this family. Under the premise of a clear genetic diagnosis, prenatal diagnosis may be provided to reduce the risk for the disease.

Adult ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; genetics ; Base Sequence ; Child, Preschool ; Collagen Type I ; genetics ; DNA Mutational Analysis ; Female ; Fetal Diseases ; diagnosis ; genetics ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Osteogenesis Imperfecta ; diagnosis ; genetics ; Pedigree ; Point Mutation ; Pregnancy ; Prenatal Diagnosis

Objective To study the relation between the expression of P130 Crk-associated substrate (P130Cas),phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of skin scar carcinoma.Methods Tissues of skin scar carcinoma,scar and normal skin were collected from 8 patients who were pathologically diagnosed as skin scar carcinoma with high differentiated squamous cell carcinoma.The expression of PTEN,P130Cas,E-cadherin and Vimentin in normal skin,skin scar and skin scar carcinoma tissues were detected by immunohistochemical method of S-P.Results The expression of PTEN,P130Cas and E-cadherin in normal skin,scar and skin scar carcinoma tissues were all significantly different (P ＜ 0.05).The expression of Vimentin in skin scar carcinoma tissues were significantly increased than that in normal skin and skin scar tissues,but there was no statistically significance difference between skin scar tissues and normal skin (P ＞ 0.05).The expression of PTEN in skin scar carcinoma tissues was negatively correlated with P130Cas (r =-0.78,P =0.023) and positively correlated with E-cadherin (r =0.83,P =0.011),but there were no correlation between PTEN and Vimentin (P ＞ 0.05);The expressions of P130Cas in skin scar carcinoma tissues was negatively correlated with Ecadherin (r =-0.74,P =0.035),but there were no statistically significant correlation between P130Cas and Vimentin (P＞0.05).Conclusions Both PTEN and P130Cas involved in the EMT process of skin scar carcinoma and may be an important mechanism in scar carcinogenesis.