To study the chemical constituents from the leaves of Celastrus gemmatus Loes., chromatographic methods were used to isolate and purify the chemical constituents, their structures were elucidated by the physiochemical characteristics and spectral data. Nine compounds were obtained and identified as (-)-massoniresinol 3a-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), ambrosidine (2), isolariciresinol 9-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(astragalin) (4), kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside (5), kaempferol 3-O-neohesperidoside (6), apigenin 7-O-β-D-glucuronide (7), apigenin 7-O-β-D-glucuronide methyl ester (8) and D-sorbitol (9). Compound 1 is a new compound, the others are isolated from this genus for the first time, and this is the first time to report lignan compounds from genus Celastrus.

Objective To summarize the experiences with early treatment of the wounded associated with 4 · 20 Lushan earthquake in army hospitals.Methods Emergency response programs were started and tent hospitals were set up.According to the basic principle of wartime wound treatment regulation,emergency triage,emergency medical care,transferring,specialized treatment and evacuation were performed for the wounded in this earthquake.Results After the earthquake,the emergency rescue programs were started in the hospital.Twenty minutes later,emergence medical team with full equipment were set out for the epicenter and the tent hospitals were set up.A total of 181 earthquake cases were admitted within two weeks,of which 68 (37.6％) were transferred from the scene of earthquake and 113 (62.4％) were transferred after the primary treatment (including cases evacuating from other hospitals).Forty-nine surgeries had been done,including 30 emergence ones.Thirty-four cases (including 14 severe wounded) were evacuated to superior hospitals as their vital signs turned stable.There was no death or surgical wound infection.Conclusions Peacetime complete emergence programs and materials reserves,unified and well-organized command as well as normative grading treatment system in army hospitals assure the standardized medical care with high efficiency and high quality for earthquake victims.However,more researches are needed over diagnosis methods and standards for wound severity,equipment improvement and standards for casualty evacuation.

Objective To compare the genetic barriers to development of primary mutations related to drug resistance to protease inhibitors (PI), nucleioside reverse transcriptase inhibitors ( NRTI ), and non-nucleioside reverse transcriptase inhibitors ( NNRTI ) among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 CRF01_AE, CRF07_BC, and CRF08_BC strains, and to understand the difference of varying patterns of drug resistance related mutations within these subtypes. Methods One hundred and ninety naive HIV-positive subjects from Nanning City and Liuzhou City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, were recruited. Peripheral blood samples were collected from all participants. HIV-1 RNAs were extracted from plasma, and the pol regions were amplified and sequenced. Sequences were subjected to phylogenetic analysis to determine the subtypes of HIV-1 isolates. Nucleotide transitions and transversions were counted for each primary mutation in these sequences. According to the phenomena that transitions occur on average 2. 5 times frequently than transversions, each transition was scored as 1, and each transversion scored as 2. 5. The sum of the scores for a particular substitution was calculated, and this value was taken as the genetic barrier to development of this mutation. Then, the differences of genetic barriers among the subtypes were assessed by Kruskal-Wallis test and Nemenyi test. Results A total of 123 sequences of CRF01_AE,CRF07_BC and CRF08_BC strains were selected. CRF08_BC had a lower genetic barrier for T/S69Dsubstitution than CRF01_AE and CRF07_BC (χ2 =107. 501, P＜0.01), while CRF01_AE and CRF07_BC had lower genetic barriers for V118I and L210W substitution than CRF08_BC. In addition,CRF07_BC had a decreased genetic barrier for V106M compared with CRF01_AE and CRF08_BC.Conclusions In the presence of the same selective pressure, subtypes CRF01_AE and CRF07_BC may be more likely to develop V118I and L210W substitution than CRF08_BC. However, CRF08_BC may be more likely to develop T/S69D substitution than CRF01_AE and CRF07_BC. Meanwhile, CRF07_BC may be easier to develop V106M substitution than CRF01_AE and CRF08_BC.

Objective To explore the diagnostic value of MRI signs combined with standard b-value diffusion weighted imaging(DWI)signals in meningioma.Methods A total of 134 patients with meningioma were selected.Using postoperative pathological examination results as the gold standard,the MRI signs,specific intensity of standard b-value DWI signals,apparent diffusion coefficient(ADC)value,and relative apparent diffusion coefficient(rADC)value between the two groups were compared;Receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve was used to assess the ADC value and rADC value in differential diagnosis of low-grade and high-grade meningiomas.Results The proportions of no/mild peritumoral edema,clear tumor brain interface and tumor cystic changes in low-grade group were higher than high-grade group,and the proportion of lobulation sign was lower than high-grade group(P＜0.05).There was no statistically significant difference in DWI signal intensity between the two groups(P＞0.05).ADC and rADC values in low-grade group were higher than high-grade group(P＜0.05).The area under the curve(AUC)of ADC value,rADC value,and their combined differential diagnosis for low-grade and high-grade meningiomas were 0.765,0.844,and 0.903,respectively.Conclusion The standard b-value DWI signal intensity cannot be used for the diagnosis of meningioma,while MRI signs(peritumoral edema,tumor brain interface,tumor cystic changes,lobulation sign)and ADC value,rADC value have high clinical application value in the diagnosis of meningioma.