Senile patients take a big part in the whole population of patients in endodontic department.This article analyzes psychological state of senile patients in endodontic department from the view of medical ethics and studies corresponding nursing countermeasures so as to find a good cooperation of doctors,nurses and patients and improve treatment effect.Suggested countermeasures are as follows.a.Improve the comprehensive quality of nursing staff.b.Respect and cherish senile patients,and meet their reasonable requests.c.Establish high moral responsibility and correct values of ethics and morality.d.Pay attention to the mutual communication between nurses and patients and psychological support.f.Recognize the importance of health education to senile patients before,in and after medical treatment.

Objective To investigate the clinical manifestation, diagnosis, therapies and medical economics of cesarean scar pregnancy (CSP). Methods From Jan. 2005 to Dec. 2008, 96 patients with CSP treated in Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University were studied retrospectively. Those cases were divided into 3 groups. Thirty-three patients were treated with methotrexate (MTX) 50 mg/m2 intravenously guttae in group A. Among that 18 cases were treated with MTX, after 5 - 10 days they underwent dilation and curettage of uterus; 15 cases were given by dilation and curettage first if the level of serum human chorionic gonadotrophin-β(β-hCG) descent less than 30% in every 48 hours for 3 times after curettage, then MTX (50 mg/m2) intravenously guttae. Sixty patients were treated with MTX 100 mg bilateral uterine artery injection and embolization in group B. After 2 days, they underwent curettage.Group C: 3 patients were treated with laparotomy lesion excision. The following clinical parameters were compared, including blood loss( M), lesion diameter (-x±s), blood β-hCG level (M)before treatment, the number of cases with myometrial thickness anterior to the CSP ≤3 mm, the resistant index (RI) ≤0. 5,expense(-x ± s), hospital days(-x ±s) in those 3 groups. The correlation of blood loss with lesion diameter and blood β-hCG level was studied. Results ( 1 ) Clinical manifestation: bleeding loss were 20 ml in MTX +curettage of group A, 10 ml in curettage + MTX of group A, 12 ml in group B and 200 ml in group C. The volume of bleeding loss in group C was significantly higher than those in group A or group B ( P ＜ 0. 01 ).The lesion diameter were ( 23 ± 15 ) mm in curettage + MTX of group A and ( 30 ± 14 ) mm of group B ,which were higher than ( 16 ± 8 ) mm of MTX + curettage of group A (P ＜ 0. 01 ). The lesion diameter of (52 ± 7 )mm in group C were significantly bigger than those in the other groups ( P ＜ 0. 01 ). The level of blood β-hCG levels were 21 592 U/L in MTX + curettage of group A, 979 U/L in curettage + MTX of group A,which reach statistical difference ( P ＜0. 05). The level of blood β-hCG levels were 11 312 U/L in group B and 101 U/L in group C. Among 28 cases with Rl≤0. 5,there was 8 cases in group A (24% ,8/33),18 cases in group B ( 30%, 18/60) and 2 cases in group C (2/3). Among 23 cases with myometrial thickness anterior to the CSP ≤ 3 mm, there was 21 cases in group B (35%, 21/60 ), which were significantly higher than 2 in group A (6%, 2/33 ) and none in group C ( P ＜ 0. 05 ). The expense were ( 5578 ± 3679) yuan in MTX + curettage of group A and (5346 ± 2765 ) yuan in curettage + MTX of group,which did not reach statistical difference (P＞0. 05). The expense were (7860 ±2104) yuan in group B,which were significantly higher than those in group A and (5004 ± 421 ) yuan in group C (P ＜ 0. 05 ). The hospital days were ( 15 ±8) days and ( 19 ± 14) days of group A, ( 16 ± 10) days in group B and ( 17 ±8)days in group C, there was no significant difference among those treatments ( P ＞ 0. 05 ). (2) Correlatin:there was positive correlation between bleeding loss and lesion diameter( r = 0. 31, P ＜ 0. 05 ) or blood β-hCG level ( r = 0. 35, P ＜ 0. 05). Conclusions MTX intravenously guttae, MTX uterine artery injection and embolization, and laparotomy lesion excision were all properly used in treatment of CSP. MTX uterine artery injection and embolization was recommended for those with big lesion, high β-hCG level, less myometrial thickness anterior to the CSP or plentiful blood supply of the lesion but the expense might be high.

Objective To evaluate the effects of oral motor interventions on feeding performance of preterm infants with feeding and swallowing disorders. Methods According to the bed number, the premature infants were divided into two groups in equal number: the control group received non-nutritive sucking for 30 minutes before feeding , while the experiment group infants received oral motor interventions. The proficiency and volume transfer were observed and recorded. Result The proficiency and volume transfered in the experiment group were significantly better than those of the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion The oral motor interventions can effectively improve the feeding performance in preterm infants with feeding and swallowing disorders.

Granger causality model is an analysis method that requires no priori knowledge and emphasizes time sequence. Such model applied to brain effective connectivity network can reflect the directional connectivity among brain regions or neurons. This paper reviews the principle of Granger causality model, basic test steps and improved models, analyzes and discusses applications and existing problems of Granger causality model in brain effective connectivity network.
Brain ; physiology ; Brain Mapping ; Computer Simulation ; Humans ; Models, Neurological ; Neurons ; physiology

Objective To investigate the influence of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogues on ovarian cancer and ovarian function in vivo.Methods ES-2 cells were cultured and xenotransplanted into 36 nude mice,which were divided into 6 groups:normal saline (NS) group:NS 0.1 nd/day subcutaneous injection,and then NS 0.2 ml/week peritoneal injection; cisplatin (DDP) group:NS 0.1 ml/day subcutaneous injection,and then DDP 5 mg/kg ( diluted to 0.2 ml ) per week peritoneal injection; goserelin group:100 μg goserelin ( diluted to 0.1 ml) per day subcutaneous injection,and then NS 0.2 ml/week peritoneal injection; goserelin + DDP group:100 μg goserelin ( diluted to 0.1 ml) per day subcutaneous injection,and DDP 5 mg/kg (diluted to 0.2 ml) per week peritoneal injection; cetrorelix group:100 μg cetrorelix (diluted to 0.1 ml) per day subcutaneous injection and NS 0.2 ml/week peritoneal injection; cetrorelix + DDP group:100 μg cetrorelix (diluted to 0.1 ml) per day subcutaneous injection and DDP 5 mg/kg ( diluted to 0.2 ml) per week peritoneal injection.All the peritoneal injection started from subcutaneous injection one week later.To compare the weight of nude mice,the volumes of transplanted tumors,the expression of Ki-67 antigen in transplanted tumors,the estrus,the ratio of atretic follicles,the ratio of primary and preantral follicles,the levels of serum anti-Mullerian hormone ( AMH ),folliclestimulating hormone ( FSH),estradio ( E2 ) and progesterone (P) in each group.Results There were no significant difference in the weight of nude mice among 6 groups ( P ＞ 0.05 ),which on day 29 in NS group was ( 19.8 ±2.2) g,DDP group (20.5 ± 1.4) g,gosereline group ( 19.6 ±0.9) g,goserelin + DDP group ( 19.7 ± 1.6) g,cetrorelix group (20.7 ±2.2) g,and cetrorelix + DDP group ( 19.0 ± 1.7) g.The tumor volumes of different groups on the 12th day:NS group (241 ± 179) mm3,DDP group (78 ±20) mm3,gosereline group (78 t±55) mm3,goserelin + DDP group (64 ±48) mm3,cetrorelix group (78 ±64) mm3,or cetrorelix + DDP group (70 ± 19) mm3,in which there were significant difference between NS group and the other groups ( P ＜ 0.05 ) ; and the same result was obtained on day 15,19,22,26 and 29 ( P ＜ 0.05 ).The expression of Ki-67 in NS group was ( 33 ± 10 ) ％,in which it was higher than those in DDP group 3.5％,goserelin group 8.8％,goserelin + DDP group 1.5％,cetrorelix group (23 ± 11 ) ％,or cetrorelix + DDP group ( 8 ± 6 ) ％ ( P ＜ 0.05 ).The ratio of primary and preantral follicles in goserehn group was (71.5 ± 8.1 ) ％,in goserelin + DDP group was (62.4 ± 4.1 ) ％,in cetrorelix group was (71.2 ± 7.4) ％,and in cetrorelix + DDP group was (63.8 ±3.1 )％,in which they were much higher than that in DDP group ( 47.0 ± 4.8 ) ％ ( P ＜ 0.05 ).The level of AMH in goserelin group was ( 98 ± 27 ) ng/ml,which was much higher than that in NS group (66.2 ± 17.4) ng/ml (P ＜0.05),while there were no difference in the levelsof FSH,E2 or P among different groups ( P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion GnRH analogues could inhibit the growth of transplanted tumors in nude mice,meanwhile increase the secretion of AMH,decrease the frequencies and prolong the lasting time of estrus,decrease the ratio of atretic follicles,raise the ratio of primary and preantral follicles,which may be protect the ovarian function of nude mice.

Objective:To assess incidence of malnutrition and malnutrition risk of six department patients.Methods:The information of 1 200 patients were collected,200 in each of 6 departments in our hospital.Nutrition status was assessed according to Nutrition Risk Screening(NRS)published by ESPEN in 2001.Results:The incidence of malnutrition and malnutrition risk varied from 7.5% to 59% and 36% to 72% respectively in different department.Conclusion:The incidence of malnutrition is closely related to the kind and severity of the disease.It is nessissary to assess the nutrition status of high risk patients in time.NRS can be used simply and fastly in most inhospital patients.

AIM: To investigate the behaviour of 3T3 fibroblast and macrophage co-culture on blood fibrin clot or adipose tissue with recombinant basic fibroblast growth factor (rhbFGF). METHODS: MTT method, inverted contrast microscopy, Giemsa staining as well as scanning electron microscope were used in the present study. RESULTS: The effect of rhbFGF on co-culture of 3T3 fibroblast and mouse macrophage on blood fibrin clot in low-serum DMEM with rhbFGF were monitored, and 3T3 fibroblast and macrophage growed well on the blood fibrin blot in low-serum DMEM with rhbFGF. CONCLUSION: The blood fibrin clot, with its low immunogenicity, could be used as a bionic support for three-dimensional tissue culture, and also a physiological carrier to distribute the growth factor rhbFGF for the cells.

Objective To reduce the screening positive rate (SPR) and improve clinical efficiency of maternal serum screening for Down's syndrome.Methods Nine thousand and thirty-three cases of second trimester maternal serum screening for Down's syndrome were included from Apr.2013 to Apr.2014 in the present study.The screening results,all basic data and equation curves were analyzed retrospectively.Based on the data from the authors' laboratory,the important adjustment parameters were simulated.Combined with postnatal follow-up results,the quality and clinical performance of second trimester serum screening for Down's syndrome were evaluated.Results The SPR of second trimester serum screening for Down's syndrome was 6.69％(604/9033),the detection rate (DR) was 75％(3/4),and FPR was 6.65％(601/9033).The median multiple of median (MOM) of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was low and SPR was high,and MOM of free human chorionic gonadotropin β subunit (free hCGβ) were high and SPR was high,while MOM of unconjugated estriol (uE3) were a little bit low,and SPR was slightly high.Considering these three factors,it is believed that the screening positive rate is high.By the simulation adjustments of MOM value equations (AFP and free hCGβ) and weight correction equation,the SPR reduced to 4.11％(371/9033) after recalculating the risk,FPR declined to 4.07％(368/9033),and no more Down's syndrome fetus were missed compared with postnatal follow-up results.Conclusion Based on a localized setting depending on the local laboratory data,we suggest that the MOM value distributions(AFP,free hCGβ and uE3) and maternal weight should be regularly adjusted since it is a useful way to reduce the false-positive rate and improve clinical efficiency of maternal serum screening for Down's syndrome.

Objective To investigate the phenotypes and the HIV-1-specific T cell responses of KIR3DL1 positive CD8 cells in patients with early HIV-1 infection. Methods Fifty-six HIV-1 antibody negative individuals and thirty-two patients with early HIV-1 infection were enrolled in the study. Fluores-cence-activated cell sorting (FACS) was performed to detect the phenotypes of KIR3DL1 receptor expressed on the surface of CD8 cells. The levels of IFN-γwere measured by intracellular cytokine staining assay after the PBMCs were stimulated with an HIV-1 Gag peptide pool. Results The percentages of KIR3DL1+CD8 T cells in HIV-1 negative individuals and patients with early HIV-1 infection were 1. 45% (0. 12%-8. 4%) and 0. 82% (0. 14%-6. 14%), respectively, and there was no significant difference between them. The percentages of KIR3DL1+CD8 Temra cells in HIV-1 negative individuals and patients with early HIV-1 infec-tion were (4. 55±3. 84)% and (6. 71±8. 50)%, respectively, which were significantly higher than the per-centages of KIR3DL1+CD8 Tem cells, which were (0. 50±0. 59)% and (1. 18±1. 39)%, respectively (all P<0. 01). Moreover, the percentages of KIR3DL1+CD8 Tem cells in patients with early HIV-1 infection were higher than those in HIV-1 negative individuals (P=0. 001 2). The percentage of KIR3DL1+CD8 Temra cells was positively correlated with the HIV-1 viral load in patients with early HIV-1 infection ( rs=0. 576,P=0. 000 9). The percentages of KIR3DL1+CD8 Temra cells in HIV-1 patients, whose viral loads were larger than 4. 0log, were much higher than those in HIV-1 patients with viral loads less than 4. 0 log (P=0. 002). Additionally, the levels of IFN-γsecreted by KIR3DL1 positive CD8 cells were much lesser than those secreted by KIR3DL1 negative CD8 cells (P<0. 000 1). Conclusion The receptor of KIR3DL1 was mainly expressed on CD8 Temra cells in both HIV-1 negative subjects and patients with early HIV-1 infec-tion. High HIV-1 viremia was associated with the high percentage of KIR3DL1+CD8 Temra cells. The KIR3DL1 positive CD8 cells induced lower HIV-1-specific T cell responses.

Objective To investigate the value of detection of fetal cell-free fetal DNA(cff-DNA)in maternal plasma in the prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities.Methods The plasma from 3200 gravidas(singleton with 20.3 ± 3.8 gestational weeks)was collected from April 1st 2011 to May 30th 2012.They were divided into 3 groups:(1)To tally 1720 cases were included in the high-risk serological screening group,in which women were younger than 35 years and got high-risk results in serological screening;(2)To tally 1310 cases were included in the advanced age group,in which women's age was more than 35 years;(3)To tally 170 cases were included in the supplementary group,in which women were younger than 35 years and got low-risk results in serological screening,or women who didn't take serological screening tests.All the 3030 gravidas in group 1 and 2 didn't take invasive prenatal diagnosis because of fear of abortion or short of prenatal diagnosis.Cff-DNA were detected by next generation sequencing in Shenzhen BGI Genomics Center for clinical laboratory.Amniocentesis and karyotype analysis were provided to the positive cases and women with negative results were followed-up by telephone.Results(1)The 3200 cases took cff-DNA detection,and 31 cases got positive results,including 27 cases of trisomy 21 and 4 cases of trisomy 18.Sixteen cases of trisomy 21 and 1 case of trisomy 18 were in the high-risk serological screening group.7 cases of trisomy 21 and 2 cases of trisomy 18 were in the advanced age group.Four cases of trisomy 21 and 1 case of trisomy 18 were in the supplementary group.(2)And the 84％(26/31)cff-DNA detecting positive cases received amniocentesis.In the 27 trisomy 21 positive cases,23 received amnioeentesis and got karyotype of 47XN,+ 21,with the diagnostic accordance rate of 100％.In the 4 cases who didn't take karyotype analysis,fetal anomaly(ventricular septal defect,dextrocardia and choroid plexus cyst)was found in 1 case before 20 gestational weeks;intrauterine fetal demise happened in 1 case before getting the result;2 other cases who already had healthy children took abortion in the local hospital without taking amniocentesis.In the 4 trisomy 18 positive cases,3 took amniocentesis,2 of which were trisomy 18 and took abortion,the other was chimera(46,XN/47,XN,+ 18)with only 2％ cells of trisomy 18,with no malformation found after delivery.Hypoevolutism(3 weeks less than gestational week),general hydropsy and intrauterine fetal demise happened before the other case took amniocentesis.(3)Follow up of cff-DNA negative cases:until May 30th 2012,no Down's baby was found in the 1230 cases with cff-DNA test negative results.Conclusions(1)The non-invasive fetal trisomy test(NIFTY)by next generation sequencing is a safe,accurate and high throughput method for the prenatal diagnosis of trisomy-21.(2)Use NIFTY as a further screening for pregnant women with high-risk serological screening results could lower invasive prenatal diagnosis rate.(3)Cases with positive NIFTY test results should receive amniocentesis and karyotype analysis to confirm the diagnosis before abortion.