Objective To analyse the imaging characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis(TB) in elder in order to improve its diagnostic accuracy.Methods Radiological and CT fndings of pulmonary tuberculosis in 200 old patients were analysed retrospectively.Results The types of TB in 200 patients were:type Ⅱin 13 cases(6.5%),type Ⅲ in 163 cases (81.5%),accompanied with the pleuritis in 44 cases(22%) and type Ⅳ in 24 cases (12%).The mainly imaging findings included:old lesions in 85 cases(42.5%),exudative and/or multiplicative lesions in 81 cases (40.5%),caseous pneumonia in 47 cases(23.5%),cavitive lesions in 127 cases(63.5%),tuberculoma in 12 cases(6%),miliary nodules in 13 cases(6.5%),TB pleuritis in 68 cases(34%) and enlargement of lymph nodes in 57 cases (28.5%).Conclusion TB in elder is of characteristics of atypical location and unstable morphology.

Objective To evaluate the role of serum CA125 level in diagnosing the epithelial ovarian tumor.Methods Serum CA125 level of seventy-two patients who were operated for epithelial ovarian tumor between Apr 2005 and Jun 2007 in PUMC hospital were recruited and analyzed retrospectively.Using microparticle enzyme immunoassay(MEIA) to determine the serum CA125 level,and evaluate the serum CA125 level in diagnosing epithelial ovarian cancer.Results The CA125 was higher than 35?/ml in 35/39 ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma cases with 89.7% positive rate,CA125 was higher than 35?/ml in 9/12 ovarian borderline serous cystadenoma with 75% positive rate,and CA125 was higher than 35?/ml in 4/21 ovarian serous cystadenoma with 19% positive rate.Conclusion The serum CA125 level before operation can predict benign epithelial tumor or epithelial ovarian cancer.

Objective To explore the in vivo killing effects of nanosecond pulsed electric fields on mouse breast cancer in tumor bearing BALB/c mice. Methods Twenty four BALB/c mice models with subcutaneous EMT-6 breast cancer were prepared and divided into experimental group and control group (n=12). In experimental group, the mice were treated by the pulsed electric fields with peak voltage of 700 V/cm, rise times of 57 ns, durations of 70μs and duty ratio of 50%on the tumor tissue with two parallel electrodes under anaesthesia. One hundred pulses were given and the energy was just 9.75 J with effective action period of 7 ms. Tumor volume, animal weight and histopathologic changes after 1, 3, 5 and 7 d were observed after irreversible electroporation. Results The tumor volume in experimental group increased more slowly than that in control group, especially at the 1-3 d after treatment with a standstill. Histopathological examination results showed that the tumor tissue had obvious coagulation necrosis and tissue edema after electrical stimulation treatment, and mass vacuole like structure appeared in tumor tissue from the third day after treatment and vascular injury occurred at the early stage. Conclusions In the given field conditions, steep pulsed electric field has inhibitory effect on tumor growth. In order to achieve more ideal tumor therapy effect, further studies on steep pulse dose are needed.

Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegeneration, and its pathogenesis is related to mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and calcium homeostasis imbalance. In recent years, the relationship between Parkinson's disease and Ca 2+ has become a research hotspot. Calcium homeostasis disorders can lead to Parkinson's disease in different ways. The level of intracellular calcium ion depends on store-operated calcium entry (SOCE), calcium release-activated calcium modulator1 (Orai1), stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) and transient receptor potential channel 1 (TRPC1) can form a functional complex to regulate it. PD neurotoxins can selectively damage dopaminergic neurons by reducing the function of Orai1-STIM1-TRPC1 complex and damaging SOCE and its downstream signal pathways. And the complex may affect the development of Parkinson's disease by acting on microglia and endoplasmic reticulum stress, and then regulate neuroinflammation and autophagy. Therefore, restoring the expression and function of Orai1-STIM1-TRPC1 function complex and maintaining calcium homeostasis may be the therapeutic targets of Parkinson's disease.

Imbalance of calcium homeostasis and abnormal autophagy are important pathogenesis mechanisms for neurodegenerative diseases, as PD, AD, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS); and correlation is noted between imbalance of calcium homeostasis and abnormal autophagy. A number of studies have reported that different calcium storage compartments of cells can affect autophagy via calcium channels or Ca 2+-related signal proteins, such as cytoplasm calcium release-activated calcium modulator 1 (Orai1) and transient receptor potential canonical channel (TRPC), endoplasmic reticulum calcium channel inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor (IP3R), mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) related to Ca 2+ uptake, lysosomal calcium channel transient receptor potential channel mucolipin 1(TRPML1) and two-pore channels, cytoplasmic Ca 2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase kinase β (CaMKKβ)/AMP-activated protein kinase(AMPK) pathway. This review summarizes the research progress on autophagy regulated by Ca 2+ in intracellular calcium storage compartments and cytoplasm in neurodegenerative diseases, with a view to further understand the pathogenesis of these diseases.

OBJECTIVETo summarize the clinical features, imaging characteristics, diagnosis and treatment of a case with central nervous system infection caused by Exophiala dermatitidis, as well as to review the related literature.

METHODAssociated literature and clinical data of an 8-year-old boy who was diagnosed as central nervous system infection caused by Exophiala dermatitidis in Beijing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University and hospitalized twice from 2012 to 2014 were analyzed retrospectively.

RESULTThe boy was 8 years old with the chief complaint of dizziness for 2 months, intermittent fever for 1 month accompanied with spasm twice. He was diagnosed as bile ducts space-occupying lesions 2 years ago, when the pathological diagnosis was fungal infection. The boy was treated with irregular anti-fungal therapy. Then the boy developed nervous symptoms, impaired consciousness and abnormal physical activity that developed gradually. After hospitalization the cerebral MRI of the boy showed space-occupying lesions accompanied with edema of surrounding area. Filamentous fungi was found by brain biopsy, which was culture positive for Exophiala dermatitidis. After diagnosis the boy was treated with amphotericin B (AMB), voriconazole and 5-Fu, as well as symptomatic treatment. The state of the boy was improved gradually. Two months later, the boy could communicate with others normally and move personally. The lesions and edema seen on the MRI was decreased moderately. Accordingly, the boy was treated with oral voriconazole maintenance treatment for about 1 year and 4 months after discharge. During this period, the state of him was stable without symptoms. The lesions shown by MRI did not disappear but decreased on regular examination. However, recently the disease of the boy progressed again, with dizziness, neck pain, headache and progressive nervous symptoms (intermittent spasm, inability to cough, and impaired consciousness). The boy died at last, even with the active treatment at the second hospitalization. Exophiala dermatitidis was culture-positive again in his CSF, and was confirmed by PCR successfully.

CONCLUSIONThe central nervous system infection caused by Exophiala dermatitidis is rare. Clinical features of this disease were similar to those of other fungal CNS infection, cerebral MRI of which could show the similar lumpy lesions. Diagnosis of the disease should be based on pathology and culture.

Amphotericin B ; administration & dosage ; Antifungal Agents ; administration & dosage ; Brain ; diagnostic imaging ; microbiology ; pathology ; Central Nervous System Infections ; diagnosis ; drug therapy ; microbiology ; Cerebrospinal Fluid ; microbiology ; Child ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Exophiala ; isolation & purification ; Fatal Outcome ; Fluorouracil ; administration & dosage ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Mycoses ; diagnosis ; drug therapy ; microbiology ; Radiography ; Voriconazole ; administration & dosage