Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an autosomal dominant disorder of lipid metabolism. Because the early FH can cause atherosclerosis, the morbid and mortality of severe cardiovascular disease are increased in patients. Thus more and more emphasis has been put on treatment with statin since childhood so as to improve the long-term prognosis. This article reviews the necessity, effectiveness and safety of statins in the treatment of FH in children, and also presents some existing problems and thoughts.

Lung adenocarcinoma is usually thought to follow a linear multistep progression schema,that is precancerous lesions progress to adenocarcinoma in situ,and progress to micro-invasive adenocarcinoma,eventually some lung adenocarcinoma happen diffusion.However,recent findings reveal that this linear progression schema might not occur in all lung adenocarcinoma subtypes,and some subtypes show a kind of non-linear progression schema.The study of these two kinds of schemas can help for early detection of lung adenocarcinoma.

A review of cell traction forces (CTFs) measurement based on Biological MiCro Electromechanical Systems (BioMEMS) microposts matrix is presented.CTFs are exerted by cells and ansmitted to the underly-ing substrate through focal adhesions and close contacts.which is essential for cells movement.Cells probe the mechanicaI compliance of the exlracellular mabix (ECM) in part by locally deforming it with nanonewton-scale traction forces.Precision measurement of CTFs is significant for many researches such as call biology and tissue engineering and so on.Enabled by the advancement in BioMEMS technology,surface treated high aspeect ratio Polydimethyisiloxane(PDMS)micropos matrix devices,which serve as BioMEMS sensom for de-tecting cellular nanoforces and studying in vitro cell mechanics,have been developed.Closely spaced vartical microposts matrixes were designed to encourage cells to attach and spread across multiple microposts,and to bend the microposts like vertical cantilevers as the cells locomote on the surface.Using this dense and dis-crete matrix of microposts rather than a convanfional continuous substrate,CTFs can be directly measured and quantified by processing the microscopy images of the deformations of microposts.The resolution of the force was in tens of nN/μm scale.At first,the conventional CTFs measurement methods were concisely summa-rized.Then BioMEMS microposts matrix method was described in detail,including principle and fabfication process,Surface treatment and cell expedment results.Furthermore,high aspect ratio structure collapse prob-lem was investigated.

Objective To establish the quality standard for Shengxinfa Capsule. Methods TLC was used to identify Praeparata, Psoraleae Fructus and Gastrodiae Rhizoma in Shengxinfa Capsule, and 2,3,5,4’-the four-stilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside was identified by HPLC. The column of Agilent TC-C18 (4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm) was used. The mobile phase was acetonitrile-water (15∶85). The flow was 1.0 mL/min and column temperature was 30 ℃. UV detecting wavelength was 320 nm. Results Praeparata, Psoraleae Fructus and Gastrodiae Rhizoma could be identified by TLC. The linear range of 2,3,5,4’-the four-stilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside was in the range of 0.05-0.50 μg. The average recovery was 97.8% (RSD=0.39%). Conclusion The method is feasible and accurate. The quality of Shengxinfa Capsule can be controlled effectively with the established quality standard.

Objective To study the influence of postnatal high protein feeding on learning and memory abilities of preterm rats.Methods After weaning,the SD offspring were divided into 6 groups randomly according random digits table:preterm standard protein group (group A),term standard protein group (group B),preterm low protein group (group C),term low protein group (group D),preterm high protein group (group E),and term high protein group (group F),with 34 rats in each group.Starting from 22 days of age,the standard protein group,low-protein group and the high-protein group were respectively fed with a standard protein diet (containing 18％ protein),low-protein diet (containing 8％ protein) and a high-protein diet (containing 30％ protein) until the end of experiment.Within each group,the rats were respectively tested in 6 weeks and 8 weeks.Morris water maze task was performed to assess the learning and memory abilities of the premature rats.Results 1.Directional navigation experiments:(1) At the age of 6 weeks,the escape latencies to find the platform were shortened with increased training times for full-term rats.The escape latencies of the premature rats did not change significantly on the third and fourth day of the experiment.(2) At the age of 8 weeks,the escape latencies to find the platform were shortened with increased training time for all of the rats.2.Probe trial test:(1)At the age of 6 weeks,premature rats spent significantly less time in target quadrant than full-time rats.And the percent age of traveled distance in target quadrant of premature rats was significantly less than full term rats (P ＜ 0.05).(2) At the age of 8 weeks,group E [(68.48 ± 20.65) s] spent significantly greater time in target quadrant than group A and group C [group A(52.41 ± 11.24) s,group C (49.54 ± 11.04) s].And the percent age of traveled distance in target quadrant of group E [(36.56 ± 10.44) ％] were significantly higher than group A and group C [group A (29.83 ± 8.33) ％,group C (26.97 ± 5.41) ％] (P ＜ 0.05).(3) At the age of 8 weeks,group E spent time in target quadrant and the percent of traveled distance in target quadrant [(68.48 ± 20.65) s,(36.56 ±10.44)％] were higher than group F [(61.29 ± 16.27) s,(35.71 ±6.61)％],but there was no significant difference (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions In the early growth and development process of the brain,premature birth may seriously affect early brain functions in rats,and the learning and cognitive abilities of the premature rats are worse than full-term rats.In the subsequent process of growth and development,after a long time of high protein nutritional intake,the learning and cognitive abilities of the premature rats can be restored and they can catch up with full-term rats.

Objective To investigate the prevalence of macrosomia in China and the risk factors.Methods By stratified cluster random sampling,the medical records of 101 723 singleton term infants born in 37 hospitals nation wide (in 14 provinces) from January 1,2011 to December 31,2011 were reviewed.Adjusted odd ratio (aOR) and 95％ confidence interval (CI) were used to describe the risk factors.Population attribute risk (PAR) was used to quantitatively describe the associations between risk factors and the prevalence of macrosomia.Results The general prevalence of macrosomia was 7.3％ (7403/101 723).The prevalence varied among provinces (4.1％ to 13.4 ％).Logistic regression analysis showed that macrosomia were positively associated with living in northern China (aOR =1.4,95 ％ CI:1.2 ～ 1.6,PAR =19.9 ％),maternal age ≥ 35 (aOR =1.1,95％ CI:0.9～1.3,PAR=8.7％),pre-pregnant BMI≥28 (aOR=3.6,95％ CI:2.9～4.5,PAR=15.1％),gravidity＞1 (aOR=1.2,95％ CI:1.1～1.4,PAR=10.8％),parity＞1 (aOR=1.8,95％ CI:1.5～ 2.1,PAR=10.1％),maternal height≥160 cm (aOR =1.6,95％ CI:1.4～ 1.9,PAR=29.5％),gestational weight gain (GWG) ≥16 kg (aOR=2.2,95％ CI:1.9～2.4,PAR=25.2％),gestational diabetes mellitus (aOR=1.2,95％ CI:1.0～ 1.3,PAR =3.2％),gestational weeks≥40(aOR=2.4,95％ CI:2.1～ 2.7,PAR=34.4％)and baby boy (aOR=l.6,95％ CI:1.4～1.8,PAR=25.4％).Maternal BMI,gestational week and GWG were most strongly associated with macrosomia.Conclusions The prevalence of macrosomia varied dramatically between different areas in China.Pre-pregnancy BMI,gestational week and GWG,as the main modifiable risk factors for macrosomia,need more attention from health care providers.

Objective To investigate the effect of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on the body weight growth and lipid metabolism of neonatal rats during lactation.Methods The specific pathogen free Sprague-Dawley neonatal rats were randomly assigned into 4 groups (high-dose group,medium-dose group,low-dose group and control group) by random number table method.The rats in 3 experiment groups received intragastric administration with DHA 600 mg/kg,300 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg,respectively,while the control group were given 9 g/L saline,totally for 21 days.Body weight was monitored and compared among groups on postnatal day 1,7,14 and 21.And body weight growth rates at each time point were calculated.The serum concentrations of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C),low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C),triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol were measured and compared at 6-week and 8-week ages.The pathological and histological changes in the heart,the large vessel and the liver were observed at same time.Results The mean body weight of the neonatal rats were significantly different among 4 groups on postnatal day 7,14 and 21 (F =17.334,4.159,6.485,all P ＜ 0.01).Comparisons were made between every 2 groups,the low-dose group was higher than the control group on postnatal day 7 [(21.60 ±0.89) g vs.(18.57 ± 0.76) g] and day 21 [(58.52 ±6.62) g vs.(53.01 ± 11.75) g];the medium-dose group was lower than the control group on postnatal day 7 [(14.23 ±0.49) g vs.(18.57 ±0.76) g] and lower than the low-dose group on postnatal day 21 [(52.47 ±8.18) g vs.(58.52 ±6.62) g];the high-dose group was lower than the low-dose group on postnatal day 7[(16.13 ± 1.02) g vs.(21.6 ±0.89) g],and it was lower than the control group and the low-dose group on postnatal day 14[(31.69 ± 1.77) g vs.(37.60 ± 1.32) g and (36.24 ±0.84) g],and lower than all the other 3 groups on postnatal day 21 [(45.9 ± 13.17) g vs.(53.01 ± 11.75) g,(58.52 ±6.62) g and (52.47 ±8.18) g];all the differences above were statistically significant (all P ＜ 0.05).During the first and the second week after birth,there were significant differences in the mean body weight growth rate among 4 groups (F =8.369,8.331,all P ＜ 0.01),but there was no significant difference during the third week (F =0.603,P ＞ 0.05).Compared with 2 groups,the mean body weight growth rate of the low-dose group was higher than that of the control group in the first week [(184.96 ± 63.16) ％ vs.(141.02 ± 72.07) ％],but which was lower than that of the control group in the second week [(72.60 ± 35.37) ％ vs.(103.20 ± 40.11) ％];the medium-dose group was lower than the low-dose group at the first week [(116.78 ± 51.59) ％ vs.(184.96 ± 63.16)％],but higher than the low-dose group and lower than the control group at the second week[(139.93 ± 67.4) ％ vs.(72.60 ± 35.37) ％ and (103.20 ± 40.11) ％];the high-dose group was lower than the low-dose group in the first week [(137.33 ± 34.42) ％ vs.(184.96 ± 63.16) ％] and lower than that of the medium-dose group in the second week [(98.22 ± 65.86) ％ vs.(139.93 ± 67.4) ％];all these differences were statistically significant (all P ＜ 0.05).At 6 weeks of age,the mean serum concentrations of total cholesterol,TG and LDL-C were not significandy different (F =1.899,1.450,2.581,all P ＞ 0.05) among 4 groups,but the mean concentration of HDL-C was statistically different (F =7.801,P ＜ 0.01).In detail,the mean concentration of HDL-C in medium-dose group was higher than that of the control group,the low-dose group and the high dose group [(1.66 ± 0.08) mmol/L vs.(0.97 ± 0.16) mmol/L,(1.20 ± 0.09) mmol/L and (0.82 ± 0.09) mmol/L,all P ＜ 0.05],and which in the high-dose group was lower than that in the low-dose group (P ＜ 0.05).At 8-week age,the mean serum concentrations of HDL-C,LDL-C and total cholesterol were not significantly different among 4 groups (F =0.935,0.300,1.299,all P ＞ 0.05),but the mean concentration of TG was significantly different (F =2.875,P ＜ 0.05).The mean concentration of TG in the medium-dose group was lower than that in the control group [(0.98 ± 0.11) mmol/L vs.(1.36 ± 0.09) mmol/L,P ＜ 0.05].There were 5 (15.62％) neonatal rats in the high-dose group which were found to have adipose tissue accumulation around the large vessel walls and the heart and were confirmed by histological examination.The liver cells in these rats were found to have mild fatty changes.No similar changes were found in the other groups.Conclusions Neonatal rats supplemented with DHA during lactation can affect their body weight growth and lipid metabolism.Supplemented with high dose may bring risks,while moderate dose may bring benefits.

Objective To explore the diagnosis and treatment of disseminated cryptococcosis involving the biliary tract and the central nervous system. Methods The clinical data of one child with disseminated cryptococcosis involving biliary tract and central nervous system were analyzed retrospectively. The related literatures were reviewed. Results A 6-year-old boy presented with jaundice, hepatic dysfunction and convulsions. The surgical treatment was performed. The pathological biopsy showed cryptococcal infection, cryptococcal capsular polysaccharide antigen latex agglutination test in serum and cerebrospinal fluid were positive and cerebrospinal fluid ink staining was also positive. After antifungal treatment, the symptoms were relieved and no sequelae existed during the follow-up period. Conclusion Disseminated cryptococcosis simultaneously involving the biliary tract and the central nervous system is rare in children.

Objective: To investigate the regulation of emodin on microRNA expressions in mouse model with sepsis by GeneChip microRNA array. Methods: Forty two c57 mice were randomly (random number) divided into 3 groups: sham operation group (sham group, n=14),sepsis group(n=14) and emodin group (n=14). The sepsis model of the mouse was subjected to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Mice in emodin group received intraperitoneal injection of emodin (40 mg/kg) half an hour before operation and every 12 hours after CLP. All mice were sacrificed 48 h after surgery and part of the ileum were removed for intestine tissue stained with hematoxylin eosin. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP) in peripheral blood were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Total RNA of ileum tissues was extracted from the sepsis group and emodin group, and then subjected to miRNA microarray. The results of microarray were further verified by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Target genes of differentially expressed miRNAs were predicted and subjected to gene ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis. Data of multi-groups were analyzed by one way variance (ANOVA) and inter-group comparisons were made by SNK-q tests. Mann-Whitney U test was used when homogeneity of variance were not met. The value of P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Compared to the sepsis group, the levels of serum TNF-α, IL-6 and I-FABP in the emodin group were decreased significantly. MiRNA microarray showed that 23 miRNAs were differentially expressed in the emodin group as compared to the sepsis group, among which 17 miRNAs were up-regulated and 6 miRNAs were down-regulated. qRT-PCR results were consistent with miRNA array data. Target genes of 10 selected miRNAs were predicted and subjected to bioinformatic analysis. A total of 3 410 target genes were significantly enriched in 2 072 GO biological process terms, 246 GO cellular component items and 277 GO molecular function terms. Moreover, KEGG pathway analysis showed that these differential miRNAs were involved in the regulation of PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, and TNF signaling pathway. Conclusions Emodin can regulate the expression of multiple microRNAs, and play an important role in protecting the intestinal mucosal barrier via a variety of targets and pathways.

Objective To study the toxicokinetics of Cymermethrin and its metabolites in dog bile and provide evidence for forensic cases of identification of Cymermethrin poisoning. Methods 1/4LD50 doses of Cymermethrin were given to 6 male dogs by oral perfusion after the gallbladder fistula surgery on them,and their bile were collected at different time, in which Cymermethrin and its metabolites were extracted by Liquid-liquid extraction with dichloromethane and detected by HPLC-MS-MS. The qualitative analysis was based on retention time and MRM ions. The quantitative analysis was based on an internal standard method and calibration curve. Toxicokinetics equations of Cymermethrin and its metabolites in the bile were established from the c-t curves which were fitted by the WinNonlin toxicokinetics software meanwhie toxicokinetics parameters were obtained. Results The toxicokinetics of Cymermethrin met first-order dynamic equation. The Tmax of Cymermethrin(CYM), 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA), 3-(2,2-Dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-cyclopropanecarboxylate (DCVA) respectively were 1.52±0.30,1.29±0.04,0.93±0.41 h ; The Cmax of CYM, 3-PBA, DCVA respectively were 0.38±0.03,7.9±1.32,30.9±16.24 μg/mL ; The T1/2 of CYM, 3-PBA, DCVA respectively were3.93±0.71,1.36±0.11,4.49±2.81 h; Conclusion The toxicokinetics of Cymermethrin in dog bile met first-order dynamic equation ; The toxicokinetics model and parameters of Cymermethrin can provide evidence for forensic identification of Cymermethrin poisoning cases.