4 mm)in the kidney,and were then treated by ESWL combined with oral dissolution agents.The cure rate of this series was 97.7%(86/87).The patients were discharged from the hospital 4 to 16 days(mean,6.3 days)after the treatment.One patient developed massive hemorrhage and was then cured by selective embolization of the small renal vessels.86 patients were followed up for 3 to 18 months(mean,6.3 months),none of them had residual stones during this period.The symptoms of hydronephrosis was improved in all of the cases.Conclusions B-ultrasonography guided MPCNL with holmium:YAG laser is convenient,safe,and effective for upper urinary tract stone.

Objective To discuss the risk factors on short-term prognosis after kidney transplantation from donors after cardiac death (DCD). Methods We retrospectively analyzed the information of donors and recipients who performed DCD donor kidney transplantation in our center between January 2011 and August 2015, including 64 donors and 95 recipients. Also, we analyzed the potential relationship among donors' clinical characteristics and the early recovery of graft function, including the incidence of delayed graft function(DGF)and the serum creatinine (SCr) on the 90th day, and infection rate after kidney transplantation.Results We found that when donors had the factors of WIT>10 min, urine volume<100 ml/h, SBP≤100 mmHg or a history of CPR, the incidence of recipients' DGF were 55.6%,73.3%,62.5%,77.8% respectively with a significant difference. Recipients would have more chance to be infected if donors have the following characteristics: male, older than 50 years, died of cerebral hemorrhage which was caused by cardiovascular diseases, WIT>30 min, treated in ICU for more than 10 days or infection. Conclusions Nowadays, DCD has become the main graft source in Chinese kidney transplantation. This research indicates that the donors' factors may affect the recovery of graft function and the incidence of infection after kidney transplantation to some extent.By evaluating rigorously and preserving quality of renal grafts carefully, DCD would become more safe and valid.