Bletilla striata has been used as traditional Chinese medicine for several centuries. In recent years, the quality and quantity of wild B. striata plants have declined sharply due to habitat deterioration and human over-exploitation. Therefore, it is of great urgency to evaluate and protect B. striata wild plant resource. In this study, sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers were applied to assess the level and pattern of genetic diversity in twelve populations of B. striata. The results showed a high level of genetic diversity (PPB = 90.48%, H = 0.349 4, I = 0.509 6) and moderate genetic differentiation among populations (G(st) = 0.260 9). Based on the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic average (UPGMA), twelve populations gathered in three clusters. The cluster 1 included four populations. There are Nanjing, Zhenjiang, Xuancheng and Hangzhou. The seven populations which come from Hubei Province, Hunan Province, Jiangxi Province and Guizhou Province belonged to the cluster 2. The cluster 3 only contained Wenshan population. Moreover, Mantel test revealed significant positive correlation between genetic distances and geographic distances (r = 0.632 9; P < 0.000 1). According to the results, we proposed a series of conservation consideration for B. striata.

In this study, 17 kinds of Dendrobium species of Fengdous including 39 individuals were collected from 4 provinces. Mitochondrial gene sequences co I, nad 5, nad 1-intron 2 and chloroplast gene sequences rbcL, matK amd psbA-trnH were amplified from these materials, as well as nrDNA ITS. Furthermore, suitable sequences for identification of Dendrobium species of Fengdous were screened by K-2-P and P-distance. The results showed that during the mentioned 7 sequences, nrDNA ITS, nad 1-intron 2 and psbA-trnH which had a high degree of variability could be used to identify Dendrobium species of Fengdous. However, single fragment could not be used to distinguish D. moniliforme and D. huoshanense. Moreover, compared to other combined fragments, new type combined fragments nrDNA ITS+nad 1-intron 2 was more effective in identifying the original plants of Dendrobium species and could be used to identify D. huoshanense and D. moniliforme. Besides, according to the UPGMA tree constructed with nrDNA ITS+nad 1-intron 2, 3 inspected Dendrobium plants were identified as D. huoshanense, D. moniliforme and D. officinale, respectively. This study identified Dendrobium species of Fengdous by combined fragments nrDNA ITS+nad 1-intron 2 for the first time, which provided a more effective basis for identification of Dendrobium species. And this study will be helpful for regulating the market of Fengdous.

Medical education should combine clinical professional skills with humanities skills,integrate humanities knowledge into vocational education.Taking 2008 grade seven-year program clinical medicine students in the 2nd affiliated hospital of Harbin Medical University as fostering object,we made researches into students' understanding of doctor-patient relationship before practice and their mastering of skills.Through conducting questionnaire,we got to know the effect of humanities practice skill training for seven-year program clinical medicine students.Meanwhile,we compared students' self evaluation results before and after training,discussed on how to improve medical students' communication skills,cultural skills and the reform direction in an aim to guide students to transit from students to clinical doctor.

Objective To investigate the influence of extracellular high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) on viral replication in HTLV-1 infected T cells.Methods HMGB1 in culture supernatants of adult T-cell leukemia virus 1 (HTLV-1) virus-negative cell:Jurkat,MOLT4 cells and HTLV-1 virus-positive cells:MT2,MT4,was detected by ELISA;The HTLV-1 long terminal repeat reporter gene (pHTLV-1-LTR-luc) was transfected into MT2 cells by Tfx-50-mediated transfection,and 0.25,0.50,0.75 μg/ml of HMGB1 polyclonal antibody(HMGB1 PcAb) and its isotype control rabbit IgG antibodies,0.03,0.1,0.3 μg/ml rhHMGB1 and its control PBS,were added into culture supernatant respectively,then luciferase activity was detected after 48 h;Similarly,0.25 μg/ml HMGB1 PcAb and the isotype control antibody,0.3 μg/ml rhH-MGB1 and the control PBS were added to the culture supernatant of MT2 cell,the viral gene,pol1,pol2,gag,env,etc,were performed by real-time PCR.Results Culture supernatant HMGB1 levels has no significant difference between HTLV-1 positive cells MT2 and MT4 and the other two virus-negative T cell lines;Compared with isotype control antibody group,the culture supernatant,to which is added 0.25 μg/ml HMGB1 PcAb,can significantly inhibit the HTLV-1-LTR transcriptional activity and suppress the expressions of the viral gene pol1,pol2,gag,env.Compared with the control PBS,0.3 μg/ml rhHMGB1 significantly promotes the transcriptional activity of the HTLV-1-LTR and the expressions of the viral gene pol1,pol2,gag,env.Conclusion The extracellular HMGB1 can promote viral replication of HTLV-1 infected T cells.

AIM:To study the effect and mechanism of extract of ginkgo biloba(EGB) on liver glucocorticoid receptor(GR) expression in type 2 diabetic rats.METHODS:Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided randomly into three groups:normal control group(n=10),type 2 diabetic group(n=10) and ginkgo biloba treated group(n=10).After fed with high-fat feeding for 4 weeks,the later two groups were injected with streptozotocin at a dose of 30 mg/kg intraperitoneally to induce type 2 diabetic rat model.The EGB treated group was gavaged with EGB at the dose of 50 mg?kg-1?d-1 for 12 weeks.At the end of experiment,the rats were sacrificed,the blood glucose,serum lipid and blood insulin were measured.The morphology of liver tissue was observed under light microscopy with HE staining.GR mRNA expression in liver was measured by RT-PCR.The level of GR protein expression in liver tissue was detected by immunohistochemistry.RESULTS:EGB reduced the levels of blood glucose,blood lipids,blood insulin in diabetic rats.EGB also relieved fatty degeneration and necrosis of the hepatic cells,ameliorated infiltration of inflammatory cells in the liver;and decreased GR expression at both mRNA and protein levels in diabetic liver.CONCLUSION:EGB may inhibit GR expression in liver of type 2 diabetic rats,which results in decreasing the level of blood glucose,blood lipid,blood insulin and relieving the liver damage in type diabetic rats.

Objective To explore value of CT features in diagnosis of traumatic diaphragmatic rupture.Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on totally 256 patients with suspected traumatic diaphragmatic rupture,among them 128 were confirmed after surgery.All patients underwent CT scan before surgery.The prevalence of CT findings were recorded,including diaphragm discontinuity or segmental non-recognition of diaphragm," collar" sign," intrathoracic herniation of abdominal contents" sign," dependent viscera" sign," dangling diaphragm" sign and " thickness of the diaphragm" sign.The sensitivity and specificity of each sign were calculated.Results The sensitivity of diaphragm discontinuity or segmental non-recognition of diaphragm,"collar" sign,"intrathoracic herniation of abdominal contents" sign,"dependent viscera" sign,"dangling diaphragm" sign and "thickness of the diaphragm" sign of diaphragmatic rupture was 75.00％ (96/128),84.37％ (108/128),78.13％ (100/128),76.56％ (98/128),54.68％ (70/128) and 46.87％ (60/128),respectively.The specificity was 93.75％ (120/128),98.43％ (126/128),98.43％ (126/128),99.21％ (127/128),93.75％ (120/128) and 84.38％ (108/128),respectively.The sensitivity and specificity of overall MSCT signs was 92.18％ and 100％,respectively.Conclusion CT features have high value in diagnosis of traumatic diaphragmatic rupture.

species and their corresponding medicinal slices have been extensively used as traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in many Asian countries. However, it is extremely difficult to identify species based on their morphological and chemical features. In this study, the plastomes of were used as a model system to investigate the hypothesis that plastomic mutational hotspot regions could provide a useful single nucleotide variants (SNVs) resource for authentication studies. We surveyed the plastomes of 17 species, including the newly sequenced plastome of . A total of 19 SNVs that could be used for the authentication of were detected. On the basis of this comprehensive comparison, we identified the four most informative hotspot regions in the plastome that encompass to , to , to and to . Furthermore, to established a simple and accurate method for the authentication of and its medicinal slices, a total of 127 samples from 20 species including their corresponding medicinal slices (Fengdous) were used in this study. Our results suggest that and its medicinal slices can be rapidly and unequivocally identified using this method that combines real-time PCR with the amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS).

Owing to its great medicinal and ornamental values, is frequently adulterated with other species on the market. Unfortunately, the utilization of the common DNA markers ITS, ITS2, and + is unable to distinguish from 5 closely related species of it (, , , and ). Here, we compared 63 plastomes comprising 40 newly sequenced plastomes of the 6 species and 23 previously published plastomes. The plastomes of and its closely related species were shown to have conserved genome structure and gene content. Comparative analyses revealed that small single copy region contained higher variation than large single copy and inverted repeat regions, which was mainly attributed to the loss/retention of genes. Furthermore, the intraspecific sequence variability among different species was shown to be diversified, which necessitates a cautious evaluation of genetic markers specific for different species. By evaluating the maximum likelihood trees inferred from different datasets, we found that the complete plastome sequence dataset had the highest discriminatory power for and its closely related species, indicating that complete plastome sequences can be used to accurately authenticate species.