Objective To observe the instant reactions and relationship of astrocytes(ASs) and neurons(Ns) in rat forebrain after the unilateral tibia and fibula bone fracture. Methods With immunohistochemical triple staining method,the expression of Fos-protein,glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP) and tyrosine hydroxydase(TH) were observed. Results Here we showed 1.After the nociception of the treatment,GFAP-like immunoreactive (-LI) ASs exhibited clear character of nuclei distribution in the lateralmedial habenular nucleus(LHb),paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus(Pa),supraoptic nucleus(SON),suprachiasmatic nucleus(SCh),bed nucleus of of stria terminalis(BST),central amygdaloid nucleus(Ce) medial amygdaloid nucleus(Me) and cortex;2.The distribution of Fos-LI Ns and GFAP-LI ASs in above nuclei were similar,there were close relationship between Fos-LI Ns and GFAP-LI ASs.3.There were many double-labelled Fos/TH-LI Ns that were surrounded by the GFAP-LI ASs,and formed the neuron-astrocyte complex(N-ASC).Conclusion The ASs as well as Ns of the above nuclei or regions may be involved in instant response and adjustment of the lower extremity bone fracture nociception simultanneously.

Objective To observe the instant reactions and relationship of astrocytes(AS) and neurons in rat spinal cord after the unilateral tibia and fibula bone fracture. Methods With single or double immunohistochemical staining method,the expression of Fos-like immunoreaction(-LI), glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP-LI), and protein kinase C(PKC-LI) were observed. Results Here we showed 1^ After the nociception of the treatment the PKC-LI,Fos-LI astrocytes and neurons,and GFAP-LI astrocytes were distributed in dorsal horn of rat lumbar spinal cord,predominantly in the superficial layer.2^ The distribution of Fos-LI neurons and Fos/GFAP-LI AS in dorsal horn of rat lumbar spinal cord were similar,there were close relationship between Fos-LI neurons and GFAP/Fos-LI AS.3^ The peak time of GFAP/Fos-LI AS expressive was 45?min after fracture,while that of Fos-LI neurons was 90?min,the peak time of PKC-LI astrocytes expressive was earlier than that of PKC-LI neurons.Conclusion The AS as well as neurons in dorsal horn of rat lumbar spinal cord might be involved in the instant response and adjustment of the lower extremity bone fracture nociception simultanneously.

Objective To observe the response and relationship between astrocytes and neurons to hypotension rats. Methods Transient hypotension animal models were induced by injecting sodium nitroprusside. The expression, distribution and relationship pattern of Fos-、GFAP- or TH- positive reaction in rat brain were studied with a triple method combining anti\|GFAP, Fos and TH immunohistochemical staining. Results Fos and GFAP positive staining appeared in some brain regions related with blood pressure regulation. The distribution of GFAP\|positive astrocytes was similar to that of Fos\|positive neurons. Fos\|and GFAP\|positive neurons exhibited clear character of nuclei and subnuclei distribution. Many FOs and TH single labeled neurons, or Fos and TH double labelled neurons in medulla oblongata and locus coeruleus arounded by GFAP positive processes were found and formed three kinds of complex\|like structures. Conclusion\ The present results indicated that the astrocytes were sensentive to the changes of blood pressure. The distribution of astrocytes had the specificity of functional location. We suggestal that the astrocytes and neurons might be involved together in information precessing within brain.\;[

Objective To explore the role of plastic astrocytes in focal cerebral infarct. Methods Immunohistochemical and double immunofluorescence techniques were used in the study. Results The astrcytes positive for glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP) occurred in the periinfarct area appeared hypertrophy and proliferation,specially on their processes and formed a network,and the processes oriented toward the infarct center from the periinfarction.The expression of excitatory amino acid transporter 1( EAAT1) increased in the penumbra area of cerebral infarct and manifested spot and fibre.The confocal laser scanning microscopic analysis showed the double staining for EAAT1 and GFAP.Conclusion The plastic astrocytes might participate in the pathological process of cerebral infarct recovery by enhancing the expression of EAAT1.;

Objective To analyze related perioperative risk factors of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) early after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT).Methods The cases from the recipients having undergoing OLT,aged from 15 to 65 years and having no chronic respiratory diseases and hyoxemia were collected.The exclusive criteria were as follows:(1) the patients dead or automatic discharging at the day after the OLT or during the OLT; (2) the patients suffered from severe surgical technic complications; (3) initial poor graft function occurred; (4) marginal donor; (5) pulmonary wedge pressure (PAWP)＞ 2.394kPa.251 patients were enrolled in this analysis,who were grouped according to whether they developed ARDS (group B) or not (group A) in the first postoperative day.The analyzed factors were as follows:(1) the sex,age and weight of the recipients; (2) preoperative variables of recipients:Child-Pugh and Model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score,left vent ricular ejection fractions,oxygenation index,the serum levels of creatinine,BUN,TB,albumin,prealbumin,fibrinogen and hemoglobin,white blood cells (WBC),platelet count and international normalized ratio (INR) ; (3) the variables of donator:age,the time of warm and cold ischemia; (4) the intraoperative variables:operative time,anhepatic phase,the volumes of hemorrhage and blood-transfusion (red cell suspension and plasma),transfusion volume; (5) postoperative variables of recipients:the serum levels of creatinine,blood urea nitrogen (BUN),total bilirubin (TB),albumin,alanine aminotransferase (ALT),sodium and potassium,fibrinogen and hemoglobin,WBC,platelet count and INR.Results The mild ARDS incidence early after OLT was 25.5 ％ (65/251) and the moderate or severe was 4.8％ (12/265).Single factor analysis showed that the factors having significant difference between group A and group B were as follows:the age of the recipients,preoperative variables (Child-Pugh and MELD score,the preoperative serum levels of BUN,TB,prealbumin,fibrinogen and hemoglobin,WBC,platelet count and INR),the intraoperative variables (the volumes of hemorrhage and blood-transfusion including red cell suspension and plasma) and the postoperative variables (the serum levels of BUN,TB,sodium,fibrinogen and hemoglobin,WBC,platelet count and INR).The significant factors were put to the analysis of LOGISTIC regression,and the results showed that the age of recipients,preoperative Child-Pugh score,BUN and INR,intraoperative hemorrhage volume,postoperative serum level of sodium were the independent risks contributing to ARDS.Conclusion The mild ARDS incidence early after OLT was high but the the moderate or severe incidence was low.The age of recipients,preoperative Child-Pugh score,BUN and INR,intraoperative hemorrhage volume and postoperative serum level of sodium may be the main risk factors to lung injury after OLT.

Objective To investigate the incidence and influencing factors of aldosterone escape in patients with non-diabetic nephropathy by RASI-therapy. Methods A total of 104 patients with non-diabetic nephropathy were treated with ARB or combination therapy of ACEI and ARB in a mean follow-up period of 12 months. Aldosterone escape was determined according to the change of plasma aldosterone concentration before and after treatment during 6-month and 12-month ACEI/ARB treatment, while the influencing factors of aldosterone escape in patients with non-diabetic nephropathy was also analyzed after therapy with RASI . Results In 12 months, the incidence of aldosterone escape was significantly higher than that in 6 months (26.92% vs. 14.42%, P = 0.007). After 12-month treatment, the difference was statistically significant in incidence of aldosterone escape among different stages of CKD (P = 0.027). Compared with 6-month incidence of aldosterone escape in the losartan group, 12-month incidence increased evidently (P = 0.020). The Ald level was positively correlated with urinary protein excretion and the Scr level (r = 0.431, P = 0.003 and r = 0.336, P = 0.009, respectively), and negetively correlated with levels of the eGFR (r = -0.275, P = 0.006). Univariate Logistic regression demonstrated that risk factors of aldosterone escape included pre-treatment values of the urinary protein excretion (OR = 3.671, P = 0.028) and the eGFR (OR = 0.972, P = 0.019). Multivariate Logistic model revealed pre-treatment values of the eGFR was positively associated with aldosterone escape (OR = 0.970, P = 0.012). Conclusion The incidence of the aldosterone escape increases along with the time of treatment. Renal function has correlated with aldosterone escape and pre-treatment value of the eGFR is an independent risk factor of aldosterone escape.

Neurons descending from the griseum centrale mesencephali, nucleus Darkschewitsch and nucleus interstitialis of Cajal to the nucleus raphe magnus and adjacent reticular formation (nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis and nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis) were identified in 9 adult cats with the retrograde HRP method. In the griseum centrale mesencephali, the labeled neurons were found bilaterally but slightly more ipsilaterally. In the nucleus Darkschewitscb and nucleus interstitialis of Cajal, the labeled neurons were consistently found in its rostral part ipsilateral to the injected side at the level of the posterior commissure. In addition, in 5 of the 9 cases, a few labeled neurons were observed in the nucleus raphe dorsalis.

The projections of diencephalon onto the rostral part of the mesencephalic periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) were investigated by using the method of retrograde transport of HRP in the rat. The results have led to following conclusions:1. The diencephalic afferents to the rostral part of PAG originate mainly from medial preoptic area, anterior hypothalamic area, dorsomedial and ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei, dorsal premamillary nucleus, lateral hypothalamic region, Forel's field and zona incerta ipsilaterally, and a few of them originate contralaterally.2. The anterior hypothalamic area, ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, dorsal premamillary nucleus and zona incerta project more to the ipsilateral nucleus: lateralis of PAG than to the nucleus medialis and contralateral nucleus lateralis of PAG.3. In the anterior hypothalamic area, a large number of neurons projecting to PAG was located in the lateral anterior nucleus.4. In the lateral hypothalamic region, the lateral preoptic area and anterior division project to both nuclei lateralis and medialis, while its tuberal and mamillary divisions probably project only to nucleus lateralis.

Objective:To explore the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status(RBANS),which is specially for assessing cognitive functions in non-dementia mental disorders.Methods: Altogether 451 healthy adults who were recruited from both rural and urban areas in Beijing were evaluated with the RBANS,and 97 adults were tested with the Brief Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale(WAIS) and Wechsler Memory Scale simultaneously(WMS).Forty-one adults were reevaluated with RBANS 12 weeks later.The data was analyzed by using correlation analysis and factor analysis.Results: The Cronbachs'? coefficient of RBANS total scale was 0.90;the Cronbachs'? coefficients of immediate memory,visuospatial,language,attention and delayed memory were 0.86,0.68,0.67,0.85 and 0.80 respectively.The test-retest reliability of total scale was 0.90 and that of subscales were 0.65,0.68,0.53,0.80 and 0.79 respectively(P

Objective To investigate the causes and treatment of encephalopathy occurred after orthotopic liver transplantation(OLT). Methods The clinical data of consecutive 51 patients who undergoing OLT were analyzed retrospectively. Results Encephalopathy occurred in 6 cases within one month after operation.The incidence of encephalopathy after OLT was 11.8%(6/51). All the 6 cases were cured by application of sedative agent and dopamine recipient blocking agent(aloperidin). Conclusions The etiology of encephalopathy following OLT is thought to be multifactors including metabolism desturbance before and after OLT,blood dynamics alternation during opration,application of immuosuppression drug etc. Application of sedative agent and dopamine recipient blocking agent may result in ideal effects in treating the encephalopathy.