Objective To investigate the occupational exposures to skin injuries among undergraduate nursing students and analyze the causes,so as to provide advices for the standardized pre-service education of occupational protection.Methods To survey 260 students by simple sampling method using self-made questionnaire retrospectively at the end of the internship.The factors influencing skin injuries were analyzed.Results A total of 238 effective questionnaires were obtained.There were 96.64％ (230/238) practice students suffered skin injuries,the incidence rate was higher at the initial phase.The injuries-risk factors were using hollow needles and glass ampoule,dispensing and back to the set of the needle cap.The preventive measures which the students executed were squeezing out blood,washing with flowing water and sterilizing with iodine and alcohol.Only 58.47％ (473/809) students checked the reports of patients.Most of them were lack of the preventive awareness.Conclusions This study demonstrated that skin injuries occurred frequently among undergraduate nursing students of bachelor degree and their knowledge level about precautions was low.The standard education of pre-service occupational prevention,the occupational exposure post-processing and the reporting system were very necessary.

Objective To investigate the therapeutic effect of Ganglioside(GM1) on acute cerebral infarction.Methods 60 cases with acute cerebral infarction were divided into two groups randomly.At the basic of routin treatment for the twe gyoups,GM1 group was treated with GM1 40 mg/d for 14 days and control group was treated with Citicoline 0.75 g/d for 14 days.The neurological deficit scores(NDS),activities of daily living(ADL) and adverse reactions were evaluated.Results After treatment,the scores of NDS and ADL were singnificantly decreased in twe groups than before treatment((P

Objective To compare the impact of conventional vs. zero-balanced ultrafiltration on serum pro-inflammatory factors,acute kidney injury and clinical prognosis after cardio-pulmonary bypass procedure. Methods Forty patients receiving cardiac surgery under cardio-pulmonary bypass procedures in Xiangyang Central Hospital during January 2013 to June 2013 were randomly divided into conventional ultrafiltration group(group A,n=20)and zero-balanced ultrafiltration group(group B,n=20). Blood and urine samples were collected on different time points( pre-operation,T0;pre-ultrafiltration,T1;immediately after ultrafiltration,T2;24 hours post-operation,T3;48 hours post-operation,T4;7 days post-operation, T5). TNF-α,IL-6,KIM-1,CysC,serum creatinine and urea nitrogen were detected and compared. Pre-and post-operative clinical data were also collected. Results There was no difference in baseline data or intra-operative data(p>0. 05). TNF-αand IL-6 started to increase when the operation began. Compared with conventional ultrafiltration,zero-balanced ultrafiltration alleviated the increase of TNF-α and IL-6,espe-cially on T2,T3,and T4(p<0. 05). Zero-balanced ultrafiltration also decreased CysC,Rbp,serum creati-nine and urea nitrogen on T2,T3,and T4 compared with conventional ultrafiltration(p<0. 05). A total of 11 patients experienced AKI( >grade I)in group A and 2 patients experienced in group B(p<0. 01). There were significant differences of ventilation time,total complication incidence and ICU stay time be-tween two groups. There was no difference in other complications,post-operative days in hospital or death rate within 30 days. Conclusion Though there is a trend of more patients receving renal replacement therapy,no statistical difference has been achieved. In conclusion,zero-balanced ultrafiltration can effec-tively decrease the concentration of serum pro-inflammatory factors,alleviate acute kidney injury and improve the clinical prognosis after cardio-pulmonary bypass procedures. It is a safe and reliable method valuable for promotion.

OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for the practice of monitoring on adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in secondary or inferior to secondary medical institutions.METHODS:The problems in the practice of ADR monitoring in secondary or inferior to secondary medical institutions were analyzed and the approaches to strengthen the ADR monitoring was discussed taking our hospital as an example.RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:The problems in the practice of ADR monitoring in secondary or inferior to secondary medical institutions manifested as low general technical level,lacking of advanced information network,hospital leaders' negligence,medical staff's poor consciousness,pharmacy departments' failure in bringing their role into full play,etc.Therefore,it is urgent to attach great importance to the problems to facilitate the development of ADR monitoring by enlarging publicizing,raising awareness;improving the organizational structure and the related working rules,bringing clinical pharmacists and nursing staff's roles into full play and establishing the reward and punishment mechanism,etc.

Objective To determine pharmacokinetics profiles of sodium alginate dexamethasone in perilymph after trans-round window administration of the sodium alginate dexamethasone gel in vivo.Methods 30 healthy guinea pig were randomly divided into 6 groups.Alg-Dex gel was placed into the niche of the round window of the guinea pig on the right ear.The perilymphetic samples were harvested on day 1,2,3,4 and 5 after administration of Alg-Dex gel respectively.The concentrations of dexamethasone in perilymph were assayed with high performance liquid chromatograph(HPLC).Results Concentrations of dexamethasone in perilymph on day 1,2,3,4 and 5 after administration of Alg-Dex gel were 0.49?0.06,1.32?0.28,0.65?0.08,0.66?0.05,0.53?0.17 mg/L respectively.Concentrations of dexamethasone in perilymph reached a peak on the second day and maintained 0.61?0.07 mg/L steadily on following days after administration.Conclusion Dexamethasone can be released from the sodium alginate dexamethasone gel persisitently and steadily in vivo.

Objective To compare the characteristics of digital subtraction angiography ( DSA) and compu-ted tomography angiography ( CTA) of moyamoya disease .Methods To analyze the characteristic of DSA and CTA in 29 cases with moyamoya disease ,including arterial occlusion ,arteriarctia,abnormal proliferation of vascular ,collat-eral circulation.Results There were no statistically significant differences between DSA and CTA in detecting arteri-al occlusion,arteriarctia(CTA 53 hemicerebrum,DSA 57 hemicerebrum)(χ2 =2.167,P>0.05),abnormal prolifera-tion of vascular (abnormal:CTA 41 hemicerebrum,DSA 45 hemicerebrum;normal:CTA 16 hemicerebrum,DSA 12 hemicerebrum)(χ2 =0.757,P>0.05).But there was statistically significant difference between DSA and CTA in detecting collateral circulation .Conclusion CTA is a good method to find out moyamoya disease .But DSA is better in discovery collateral circulation of moyamoya disease .

Objective:Pathological nipple discharge (PND) is commonly associated with benign breast disorders. However, PND lesions can also be malignant and can be the initial or unique presenting symptom of breast cancer. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the clinical factors and the character of PND lesions. Methods:The clinical data of 207 patients with PND as their primary complaint were retrospectively analyzed. Results:Univariate analysis showed that the risk factors for breast cancer usually increase in patients with PND accompanied by a breast lump or breast calcification or those aged over 50 (P<0.05). The characteristics and course of PND were not correlated with the diagnoses of benign and malignant degrees of PND (P>0.05). Multivariate analysis indicated that patients aged over 50 with PND accompanied by a breast lump or breast calcification have a higher risk of suffering from breast cancer. Conclusion:The ages of patients with PND accompanied by a breast lump or breast calcification may significantly affect the diagnosis of benign and malignant PND lesions.

Objective To investigate the alteration of left atrial(LA) electromechanical characteristics of patients with hypertensivon and patients with hypertension complicated with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation(PAF). Methods By use of two-dimentional echocardiography and Doppler and tissue Doppler imaging(TDI) techniques,we mensurated and calculated the indexes representing LA structure and systolic and diastolic function and electromechanical characteristics in 30 nornal subjects(group1),25 patients with hypertension lasting less than ten years(group2),24 patients with hypertension lasting more than ten years(group3) and patients with hypertension complicated PAF(group4). Indexes representing LA electromechanical characteristics consisted of the difference in time intervals between the QRS onset and the tricuspid A wave,and the QRS onset and the mitral A wave (DQAT),electromechanical time (P-A),electromechanical time dispersion(P-Ad),the maximum P wave duration,the minimum P wave duration,and P wave dispersion (Pd=Pmax-Pmin) calculated from 12-lead surface electrocardiograms. Results The P-A3 in group 4 was much longer than that in group 1,group 2 and group 3. The P-Ad2 in group 4 was much longer than that in group 1,group 2 and group 3.Conclusion There are prolonged P-A3 and P-Ad2 in patients with hypertension complicated PAF. Some indexes,such as P-A3 and P-Ad2,perhaps can predict the onset of PAF in patients with essential hypertension better.

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of uterine arterial embolization (UAE) in the management of uterine fibroids (UF) and adenomyoma. Methods The UAE was carried out in 22 cases of UF and 2 cases of adenomyoma, including bilateral UAE in 23 cases and unilateral UAE in 1 case, by using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) particles as embolic materials. Results The success rate of UAE in the study was 95 8% (23/24). No serious complications occurred. The uterine and UF volume decreased remarkably in size 6 months after the treatment ( t =2 391 and 3 990, respectively; P =0 022 and 0.000, respectively). In the patient who underwent unilateral UAE, the UF gradually increased in size and a hysterectomy was required. The 2 patients with adenomyoma experienced relief with this treatment but had a recurrence 4 months after the surgery. Conclusions UAE is a safe and effective method in the management of UF but its long-term effects remains a question to be answered through further observations . The efficacy of treatment of this method for adenomyoma is not apparent.

Aging is a biological process and state characterized by morphological change, hypofunction and metabolic disorder, often accompanied by severe degenerative diseases, including amyotrophy, atherosclerosis, neurodegeneration, and so on. Age-related diseases not only decrease the life quality of the elderly, but also impose great burden on family and society. As population aging, we are increasingly coming to realize that the longevity we want should be healthy aging but not simple increase of lifespan. By researching on the yeast, C. elegans, drosophila, mice and humans, we get to know the mechanisms of aging and methods for anti-aging, such as dietary restriction and use of anti-aging drugs like rapamycin. In this review, we summarized mainly the studies on mechanisms of aging and elaborate associated anti-aging strategies and underlying mechanisms.