We review the proceedings on the methods of how the aromatase inhibitor maintains its function, the recently developed drugs and the progress in the field of endocrine therapy for human breast cancer

Objective To investigate the change on monoamine neurotransmitter in cerebral cortex motor area of traumatic asphyxia canines and provide scientific basis for its therapy.Methods The model of canine traumatic asphyxia was established,the change on monoamine neurotransmitter in cerebral cortex (motor area) and the products of metabolism during different time were tested with HPLC DC method.Results At 2 h after damage in cerebral cortex 5 hydroxyindolecetic acid (5 HIAA) elevated remarkably; At 8 h after da mage 5 hydroxytryptamine (5 HT), homovanillic acid (HVA) elevated; but there was no obvious change on norepinephrine(NE) and 3,4 dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid (DOPAC).Conclusion The monoamine neurotransmitters might play an important role in the pathological course of secondary brain injury after traumatic asphyxia.The utilization of 5 HT antagonists or compound inhibitor at early stage was a reliable method for treating brain injury after traumatic asphyxia.

Objective To observe the effect of different concentrations of parathyroid hormone 1-34 on the adipogenic potential of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs).Methods ① Rat bone marrow mesenchymal cells were separated and expanded by adherent culture.The morphology of cells was observed and cell surface markers were examined by flow cytometry.② The multi-lineage differentiation capability of cells was examined by culturing cells under conditions favorable for adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation.③ Taken P3 of BMSCs for test,different concentrations of PTH1-34 (0,10-10,10-9,10-8 mol/L) were used to stimulate BMSCs respectively,14 days later,lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity were measured by enzyme linked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA),mRNA expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and PPARγ-2 were measured by realiime polymerase chain reaction (PCR).④ Statistical analysis:data were presented as x±s.All statistical analysis was performed with windows Statistical Praduct and Serice Solutions (SPSS) 13.0.One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to determine the difference between groups.Least signisicant difference (LSD) was used to determine the difference between the two randomized groups.Differences were considered significant at a value of P＜0.05.Results The cells expressed CD44,CD29 but without expression of CD45.By culturing in adipogenic medium for 3 weeks and in osteogenic medium for 4 weeks respectively,and then identified by oil red O and Alizarin red,the cells were successfully induced to adipocytes and osteogenesis.Expressions of LPL were 11.20±0.16,7.62±0.48,5.84±0.57,5.32±0.52,mRNA expressions of PPARγ-2 were 2.80±0.05,1.36±0.23,0.94-±0.11,0.78±0.04,ALP activity were 0.191 ±0.016,0.333±0.024,0.549±0.025,0.684±0.021 respectively.Compared with the control group,different concentrations of PTH1-34 groups could decrease mRNA expression of LPL and PPARγ-2.ALP activity were increased(P＜0.05).Conclusion PTH1-34 inhibits BMSCs of adipogenic differentiation and promotes osteogenic differentiation in a dose-dependent manner.

Objective To examine clinical features, neuroimaging presentation and treatment of intracranial fungal granulomas (ICFG) in order to improve the accuracy rates of diagnosis and cure. Methods Three pathologically proven cases with ICFG were retrospectively analyzed. Cases of ICFG reported in literature were also summarized. Results Among the 3 patients with ICFG, 1 patient had a history of head trauma and craniotomy and 1 had a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus and a long history of exposure to doves. In all 3 patients, the symptoms started with headache and vomiting, accompanied by low-grade fever, convulsion, and cranial nerve deficits. Intracranial mass lesion was revealed on brain computed tomography (CT) scan and (or) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with or without intravenous contrast. CT scan showed low-density lesions and granulations with ring and homogenous enhancement, indicating fungal abscesses. MRI in all 3 cases showed one or multiple circumscribed intracranial space-occupying lesion, with ring, heterogeneous contrast enhancement and perilesional edema. The treatments were initiated with craniotomy and surgical resection of granulations followed by intravenous injection of amphotericin B (AMB) combined with fluconazole. The daily administration of AMB was increased gradually from 0.25-1.50 mg/kg and the total dosage of 2-4 g should be achieved within 3 months. The combination therapy with fluconazole (400 mg/d ) was also given by intravenous injection. To increase penetration into cerebrospinal fluid, intrathecal injection of AMB had also been given at the maximum dosage of 1 mg every time, twice a week. Two patients were administered fluconazole (200 mg/d ) orally for 3, 6 months consecutively after completing the combination therapy of AMB with fluconazole, while the other patient refused continuous antifungal treatment 1 month postoperatively. All 3 patients were followed up for a period between 3, 24, 48 months. The 2 patients that completed full antifungal treatment were cured without recurrence. The other patient had improved transiently after operation but died after 3 months. Conclusions Because no distinct chnical and neuroimaging features are presented in ICFG, it is difficult to diagnose preoperatively. Indications for surgery include diagnosis, relief mass effect and increase efficiency of drug treatment. Use of appropriate and completed antifungal treatment decreases mortality. The treatment requires continued and long-term administration of antifungal medication to prevent relapses, whether granulomas are totally removed or not.

Objective To establish a method for the isolation and identification of platelets.Methods 10 healthy volunteers were selected to collect the EDTA anticoagulant venous blood of 3 tubes,each tube was 2 ml,which was divided into the whole blood cell tube,platelet rich plasma (control group),and stepped centrifugal platelet extract (experiment group).Platelet was isolated by simple centrifugation method(PRP) and stepped centrifugal method.The two groups were full blood count and analyzed by microscopic morphology and platelet activity test.Leukocyte specific HGB gene and platelet mitochondrial ND1 gene content was analyzed by real time PCR.Results Platelets were extracted and detected in control group and experimental group.Platelets were found and white blood cells and red blood cells were not remained in experimental group.Platelets and sporadic white blood cells were found in control group.The platelet pick up rate of experiment group was significantly higher than control group,the difference was statistically significant.Experimental gene content HGB of experiment group was significantly lower than control group,the difference was statistically significant (t=-3.281,-2.865,P＜0.05).ND1 gene content of experiment group higher than the control group,the difference was not statistically significant.There was no significant difference for platelet activity test between experimental group and control group (t=-0.046,-0.799,P＞ 0.05).Conclusion A isolation and identification method of stepped centrifugal platelet was established.The method can be used for the study of platelet gene and the functional analysis of platelets.

Objective To determine the prevalence and risk factors of hyperuricemia (HUA) and gout among residents aged≥20 years in Shandong coastal areas compared with the results of 2004. Methods A randomized stratified cluster sampling was conducted, and 5 191 inhabitants were investigated for prevalences of HUA and gout in Qingdao, Yantai, Weihai, Rizhao, and Dongying. Results (1)The level of serum uric acid had the tendency to increase in both males and females in 2009 compared with that in 2004. (2)According to the uniform population standardization, the standardized prevalence of HUA was 16.99%in 2009. The standardized rate increased by 3.72%compared to 2004, being 4.57%in males and 3.33%in females. (3) The standardized prevalence of gout was 1.36%. Compared with that in 2004, the standardized rate increased by 0.26%, decreased by 0.45%in males while increased by 0.85%in females. (4) Compared to 2004, the prevalence of HUA among males aged≤30 years was the highest, whereas aged between 50 years and 60 years was the lowest at present. (5) Currently, the prevalence of HUA among females aged≤30 years was significantly higher than that of 2004, and aged≥70 years was the highest. (6) Logistic regression analysis showed that the amount of daily intake of seafood, meat, beer, and liquor were independent risk factors of HUA and gout. Conclusions Compared to 2004, the level of serum uric acid and the prevalence of HUA and gout show a tendency to increase among younger in the population surveyed in 2009, significant in female. Dietary factors exert significant effects on the development of HUA and gout. The amount of daily intake of seafood, meat, beer, and liquor are independent risk factors of HUA and gout.

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was used to numerically investigate the blood flow in 3-D models of human preoperative and posteroperative of cerebral aneurysm clip, and the feasibility of surgical operation was evaluated by the calculated hemodynamics parameters. Mimics software was used to reconstruct the models from CT angiograms, and numerical simulation of blood flow at different time in a cardiac circle was performed. Comparison analysis of blood flow in three models of human preoperative and posteroperative of cerebral aneurysm clip was conducted in terms of blood velocity distribution, wall shear stress (WSS) distribution and pressure distribution. The results demonstrated that blood velocity and WSS were significantly increased, and pressure was obviously decreased.
Blood Flow Velocity ; Cerebrovascular Circulation ; Computer Simulation ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional ; Intracranial Aneurysm ; diagnostic imaging ; physiopathology ; surgery ; Models, Cardiovascular ; Stress, Mechanical ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Objective To explore the feasibility of using bispectral index (BIS)value to assess the degree of acute brain injury (ABI) and study the correlation between Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)scores and BIS values in ABI patients. Method A prospective and double-blinded study was conducted to assess GCS scores and BIS values in 330 patients with ABI from January 2013 till July 2017. Mean BIS values (BISMEAN) in mild, moderate and severe group of ABI were calculated. Linear regression between BIS values and GCS scores was constructed. Receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curves to predict non-mild ABI (GCS score less than 13) and severe ABI (GCS score less than 9) were plotted respectively. Results BISMEAN were significantly different among mild, moderate and severe ABI group (75.46±12.94、64.30±12.56、50.37±16.90 respectively, P＜0.01). There were a significant positive correlations between GCS scores and BIS values (R2=0.446, F=264.374, P＜0.01). Regression equation was BIS=2.96 GCS+33.77. ROC curve to predict non-mild ABI demonstrated that area under the curve (AUC)was equal to 0.835 and the optimal cut-off point (BIS value) corresponding with the maximum of sensitivity+specificity was 72.7(sensitivity=0.689, specificity=0.840); ROC curve to predict severe ABI demonstrated that AUC was equal to 0.846 and the optimal cut-off point (BIS value) corresponding with the maximum of sensitivity + specificity was 65.8 (sensitivity=0.721, specificity=0.861). Conclusion BIS values significantly correlate with GCS scores in ABI patients, indicating the feasiblity of using BIS value to assess the degree of ABI. Furthermore, continuous and real-time BIS monitoring can assess degree of ABI better than BIS value.

OBJECTIVETo establish a new quantitative method for simultaneous determination of multi-components in Salvia miltiorrhiza by using one chemical reference substance and validate its feasibilities.

METHODSThe new quality evaluation method, quantitative analysis of multi-components by singer-marker (QAMS), was established and validated with S. miltiorrhiza . Five main ingredients were selected as analytes to evaluate the quatity and their relative correlation factors (RCF) were determined by HPLC-DAD. Within the linear range, the values of RCF at 280 nm of sodium danshensu to protocatechuic aldehyde, rosmarinic acid, lithospermic acid and salvianolic acid B were 7.559, 2.901, 1.825 and 1.746, respectively. The contents of danshensu in the samples of S. miltiorrhiza were determined by using the external standard method, and the contents of the four other ingredients were calculated by their RCFS. The contents of these four ingredients in all samples were also determined by the external standard method.

RESULTWithin a certain range, the RCFs showed good reproducibility (RSD 1.0%-2.5%). No significant differences were observed between the quantitative results of the two methods.

CONCLUSIONIt is feasible and suitable to evaluate the quality of S. miltiorrhiza and its processed products by QAMS.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; standards ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; Reference Standards ; Salvia miltiorrhiza ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo establish a new quantitative method for simultaneous determination of multi-coumarins in Fraxini Cortex by using one chemical reference substance, and validate its feasibilities.

METHODThe new quality evaluation method, quantitative analysis of multi-components by singer-marker (QAMS), was established and validated with Fraxini Cortex. Four main coumarins were selected as analytes to evaluate the quality and their relative correlation factors (RCF) were determined by HPLC-DAD. Within the linear range, the values of RCF at 340 nm of aesculin to asculetin, fraxin and fraxetin were 1.771, 0.799, 1.409, respectively. And the contents of aesculin in samples of Fraxini Cortex were authentically determined by the external standard method, and the contents of the three other coumarins were calculated by their RCF. The contents of these four coumarins in all samples were also determined by the external standard method.

RESULTWithin a certain range, the RCF had a good reproducibility (RSD 2.5%-3.9%). Significant differences were not observed between the quantitative results of two methods.

CONCLUSIONIt is feasible and suitable to evaluate the quality of Fraxini Cortex and its Yinpian by QAMS.

Anticoagulants ; analysis ; Biomarkers ; Coumarins ; analysis ; Drug Stability ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; chemistry ; Esculin ; analysis ; Feasibility Studies ; Plant Extracts ; chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Reproducibility of Results