This review article briefly described the interaction and inner link between chemotherapy tolerance and metastasis of breast cancer.The common pathways of occurrence of drug resistance and metastasis were analyzed with formation and outcome of breast cancer epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and with enrichment and function of breast cancer stem cells.The chemotherapy which play positive role in clinical practice was pointed out that may cause negative effects by changing tumor microenvironment.Those evidences show that the theory on tumor microenvironment will help to formulate the research strategies for preventing and reversing resistance of breast cancer to drug and metastasis.

In view of the imbalance between basic research and clinical research in cancer,and the failure of timely and effective translation from basic achievement to clinical application,new insights to strengthen and accelerate the bidirectional translation between clinical issues and basic achievement have being widely accepted,with the definition of Translational Medicine as a link.With the rapid development of modern molecular biology and cell biology techniques,the strong power of high-throughput deep sequencing,epigenetics,and microenvironment research on exploring cancer biomarkers and interpreting the mechanisms of carcinogenesis and progression,has being taken seriously.Here,we will illuminate the role and further application of deep sequencing,epigenetics,and microenvironment based on analysis from clinical issues or samples in the current cancer research.

The investigation on distribution of Gm(2)facotor in 269 Chinese people living in Beijing was carried out using haemagglutination inhibition test and anti-Gm(2)sera from the Biotest Diagnosis of West Germany.Results revealed that Gm(2)factors was positive in 78 cases(29%),while negative in 191 cases(71%).Gm(2)phenotyping were(?)erformed successfully in 230 bloodstains, 14 months old,made of fresh blood selected from 269 samples of known Gm(2) phenotype.Detection of Gm(2)factors was carried out in 11 crime cases.Sus- pects were excluded in 4 cases.

Objective To detect the expression of HER2 and TOPOⅡ? in human breast cancer to explore the relationship between them and the potential value in the chemotherapy of breast cancer. Method 24 breast cancer tissues and paired normal tissues were investigated. RT-PCR and imumohistochemical staining were used to detect the expressions of HER2 and TOPOⅡ? at the transcription and protein level respectively. Results HER2 mRNA expressed positively in 29% (7/24) breast cancer tissues vs 4% (1/24) in paired normal tissues. The positive expression of TOPOⅡ? mRNA in breast cancer tissues and paired normal tissues were 92% (22/24) and 21%(5/24) respectively. The result of the immunohistochemical staining showed that the positive rates of HER2 and TOPOⅡ? in breast cancer tissues were 30%(6/20) and 94%(16/17) respectively, which was consistent with RT-PCR. The 6 cancer samples with HER2 positive expression coexpressed TOPOⅡ?. The expression of these two proteins was correlated(R=0.524,P

Objective To investigate the effect evaluation of spironolactone in the treatment of hypertensive heart disease by the real time 3-dimensional echocardiography .Methods Totally 104 patients with hypertensive heart disease were in the study from Jan 2011 to Jan 2012 of our department and divided into objective group and control group .Conventional treatments were put in all the patients and the spironolactone was used in objective group patients only .The results of ventricular morphology and function indexes were compared be -tween the two groups, and then investigate the relationship between cystatin C (CycC) and left ventricular remodeling index (LVRI) at the same time.Results There were significant differences in the comparison of ventricular morphology and function indexes .The left ventric-ular end-diastolic volume(LVEDV), left ventricular end systolic volume (LVESV) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of ob-jective group were more advantageous than flowse of control group for prognosis .The same results were observed in the comparison of Cys C and LVRI.Moreover, Cyc C and LVRI had certain correlation in the study .Conclusion The spironolactone can play a positive role in the treatment for the patients with hypertensive heart disease .In the meantime, the RT-3DE is a good evaluation method for the develop-ment of ventricular morphology and function .

Objective To evaluate the safety of cardiac rehabilitation(CR)for the elderly patients with chronic heart failure(CHF). Methods All 72 patients with CHF over the age of 60 were enrolled and randomly divided into two groups: the experimental groups(n=35)and control groups(n=37). Patients in both groups were treated strictly according to the treatment guideline. On the basis of drug treatment,patients in experimental group were given a comprehensive CR program. The occurrence of all-cause death,due to deterioration of heart failure readmission and serious adverse events were compared after 12 months. ResultsCompared with the control group,the incidence of all-cause and the cases for the deterioration of heart failure readmission decreased in the experimental group after 12 months(P < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the occurrence of serious adverse events between the two groups(P > 0.05). Conclusion For the elderly CHF patients,cardiac rehabilitation can effectively reduce all-cause death and deterioration of heart failure readmission in patients,but the serious adverse events had no obvious change. It is safe and effective for the elderly patients with chronic heart failure.

106 ethmoidal specimens ranging from 12 to 40 weeks of embryonic age were cut into serial sections and observed by histological method. The results showed that the ethmoid sinus began its development at about 21-23 weeks of fetal life. The frontal folds or furrows were formed by extensions or evaginations of the nasal mucous membrane from the superior and lateral wall of the middle and superior nasal meatuses. The ethmoid cells appeared at 24-26 weeks and they kept their own small ostia that opened into the middle and superior nasal meatuses. The number and size of the ethmoid cells were increased with the age. The cell cavities showed balanced enlargement. At birth each ethmoid labyrinth had 6-11 cells, measuring on the average 1.7?1.3?2.0 mm~3 in size. The distribution of the ethmoid cells approached those of mature age. The epithelium of the ethmoid sinus was cuboidal or low columnar in shape. Cilia appeared sparse. Tunica propria, mainly composed of the connective tissue and its stroma, was thick, loose, and less vascular and glandular. It suggested that the ethmoid sinus was one of the accessory nasal sinuse that developed first. The ethmoid sinus presented at birth and its appreance were not synchronous, but their location were relatively invariable. The histological structure of the mucous membrane in the ethmoid sinus was somewhat different from those of the nasal mucous membrane. It showed that the development of the ethmoid mucous membrane was still imperfect in the newborn.

The polymorphism of Bf was determinated in 234 healthy human sera in Beijing by agarose gel high-voltage electrophoresis and PAGIEF followed by immunofixation. The distribution of Bf phenotypes was observed: SS 171, FS 49, FF 8, SS07 4, FS07 1 and SS045 1. Their allele frequencies were, Bf~s = 0.8462, Bf~F=0.1410, Bf~(S07)=0.0107, Bf~(S045)=0.0021. The distribution of Bf phenotypes was good agreement with the Hardy-weinberg law.The time limits of Bf phenotypes in 22 bloodstain samples was determinated.

Objective To evaluate the effect of chest backplate in treating multiple rib fractures in patients with focal abnormal breathing.Methods The clinical data of 36 patients with multiple rib fractures and focal abnormal breathing who were treated by Chrisofix chest backplate were analyzed.Results Thirtyfour patients were cured by chest backplate and other conservative treatments,and 2 patients underwent rib internal fixation surgery.The numeric rating scales scores before and after the application of the chest backplate were (8.1 ± 0.7) scores and (5.2 ± 0.5) scores respectively(P ＜ 0.01).Seven patients had skin blisters forming around the shield,which were cured by liquid extraction with a syringe and gauze covered with povidone iodine.No patients stopped treatment because of allergy.Conclusions Chest backplate is an effective,easy and inexpensive method for patient with multiple rib fractures and focal abnormal breathing who doesn't need exploratory thoracotomy.It is worthy to spread in clinical treatment.

Objective To study the effect of sodium hyaluronate on the expression of transforming growth factor-β3(TGF-β3) and Smad 6 of the epidural scar tissue. Method Totally 60 male SD rats were randomly divided into two groups:the control group(A, n = 30), sodium hyaluronate group(B, n = 30). 0.25 × 1 cm2 dura mater uncovered area laminectomy was performed at L4 and L5, covered with 0.3 ml sodium hyaluronate in group B, covered with same amount of saline in group A. The animals were sacrificed at 2, 4 and 8 weeks after operation. The specimens were prepared for determination of the expression of TGF-β3 and Smad 6 at scar tissue and the degree of scar adhesion according to Rydell method, and observed the ultrastructure changes of scar tissue with transmission electron microscope. Results At 2 weeks after operation, the expression of TGF-β3 mRNA of two groups were 0.22 and 0.257 ( P = 0.027), respectively. At 4 weeks, group B was was increased significantly, and the mean numbers were 0.362 and 0.411 (P = 0.006). At 8 weeks, the expression of TGF-β3 mRNA of group A was increased significantly, too, but the difference between two groups was significantly, they were 0.427 and 0.470 (P =0.015), respectively. The trend of the expression of TGF-β3 and Smad 6 mRNA was similar. At 2, 4, 8, weeks, the expression was 0.169 and 0.205 (P = 0.089), 0.294 and 0.351 (P = 0.031), and 0.469 and 0.543 (P = 0.021), respectively.In group B the duramater adhesion was decreased (P ＜ 0.05), the proliferation of fibroblasts and fihroblastic function were inhibited (P ＜ 0.05). Conclusions Sodium hyaluronate up-regulated the expression of TGF-β3 and Smad6 and reduced the proliferation and collagen synthesis in fibroblast culture in the scar tissue.