BACKGROUND:There are a variety of methods for establishing osteoarthritis animal model, and different methods and different animals have their own characteristics.
OBJECTIVE:To review the status of the research on osteoarthritis animal models.
METHODS:The relevant articles to the osteoarthritis animal models were searched in Medline database from January 2002 to October 2011, with the key words of“animal model, osteoarthritis”in English by the computer. Similarly, Chinese Journal Ful-text Database was retrieved for related articles published in Chinese from January 2002 to October 2011, with the key words of“animal model, osteoarthritis, research development”in Chinese. Total y 423 relevant articles were col ected and 128 of them conformed the standard. At last 40 articles were included to review after ful-text reading.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The artificial induced animal models are the principal means to establish animal models of osteoarthritis and they have been widely used in the study of osteoarthritis pathogenesis, drug efficacy, cartilage physiology and pathology. Spontaneous osteoarthritis animal models have great advantages in the study addressing the initial mechanism of osteoarthritis, the biochemical changes of articular cartilage and the comparison of prevention and cure effects. Transgenic animal models have great application prospects on studying cartilage repairing mechanisms and testing a gene to prevent, delay or reversal the morphological changes. Accordingly the choice of models should be based on research needs.

Objective To inhibit the gene expression of signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 1 (STAT1) in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cell line Eca109 by RNA interference and investigate its effect on the radiosensitivity and cell cycle of Eca109 cells.Methods Interference vector pSTAT1-shRNA for STAT1 gene was designed and constructed.After being mixed with lentiviral packaging plasmids,the interference vectors were used to transfected 293T cells.Virus solution was collected to infect ECA109 cells.Real-time PCR and Western blot were used to measure the mRNA and protein expression levels of STAT1 in Eca109 cells.Colony formation assay and flow cytometry were used to evaluate the radiosensitivity and cell cycle distribution of Eca109 cells.Results All Eca109 cells were divided into blank control group,transfection-positive group,and transfection-negative group.The transfection-positive group showed significantly lower mRNA and protein expression levels of STAT1 than the other two groups.The values of D0,SF2,and Dq of transfection-positive group were 2.03 Gy,0.83,and 1.20 Gy,respectively,lower than those of blank control group (2.98 Gy,0.88,and 1.39 Gy) and those of transfection-negative cells (3.02 Gy,0.88,and 1.57 Gy).At 12 h,24 h,and 48 h after 4 Gy-irradiation,the transfection-positive group showed significantly higher percentage of G0 + G1 than the blank control group and transfection-negative group (34.13％ vs 22.03％ vs 22.27％,F =7.56,P =0.023 ; 43.80％ vs 28.40％ vs28.63％,F=10.01,P=0.012;53.20％ vs42.2％ vs41.83％,F＝10.73,P=0.010) and significantly lower percentage of G2 + M than the blank control group and transfection-negative group (14.33％ vs 32.23％ vs 32.23％,F=16.86,P=0.003;27.73％ vs 43.53％ vs 44.00％,F=26.62,P=0.001;14.23％ vs27.97％ vs27.93％,F=40.34,P=0.000).Conclusions RNAinterference of STAT1 in Eca109 cells does not affect the proliferation ability of Eca109 cells,and it can increase the radiosensitivity of Eca109 cells probably by regulating cell cycle after irradiation.

Objective To explore the prognosis and its related factors of three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) for elderly patients with esophageal carcinoma. Methods From January 2001 to August 2007, 89 elderly patients aged 65 years or more with esophageal carcinoma were treated with 3D-CRT. And the local control rates, survival rates and its related prognostic factors were evaluated retrospectively, using SSPS11.5 software. Results The 1-, 2-, 3-and 4-year local recurrence-free survival rates were 65.2%, 43.0%, 27.3% and 22.3%, respectively. The 1-,2-, 3-and 4-year overall survival rates were 68.5%, 48.8%, 36.8% and 25.2%, respectively. And the median survival time was 21.5 months. With univariate analysis, the significant prognostic factors included the different diet before radiotherapy (χ~2=6.26, P=0. 012), T stage (χ~2=8. 80, P=0. 003), N stage (χ~2=4.33, P=0. 038), clinical stage (χ~2=7.88, P=0. 005), the largest diameter of tumor in CT scanning image (χ~2=10.88, P=0.004), recent efficacy (χ~2=5.28, P=0. 022) and chemotherapy (χ~2=5.49, P=0.019). And the factors which were not related with prognosis included gender (χ~2=0.74, P=0. 390), age (χ~2=1.89, P=0. 170), lesion length showed by esophageal angiography (χ~2=2. 38, P=0.123), lesion length showed by CT (χ~2=2.69, P=0.101),primary tumor site (χ~2=2.12, P=0. 146), coexistent disease (χ~2=0. 03, P=0. 874), exposure mode (χ~2=0.04, P=0.847) and radiation dose (χ~2=0. 24, P=0. 627). Multivariate analysis revealed that the different diet before treatment (P=0. 002), the clinical stage (P=0. 007) and chemotherapy (P=0. 011) were independent prognostic factors. Radiation induced esophagitis was observed in 20 cases in grade 0, 30 cases in grade 1, 32 cases in grade 2, 7 cases in grade 3. And acute radiation pneumonitis was observed in 89 patients, with 57 in grade 0, 20 in grade 1, 8 in grade 2, 2 in grade 3 and 2 in grade 5. Until the end date of follow-up, 60 patients had died: 29 cases died of local recurrence or uncontrolled disease, 11 cases died of metastasis, 5 cases died of local recurrence with metastasis, and 15 cases died of other reasons. Conclusions 3D-CRT can be considered as an effective and feasible approach for elderly patients with esophageal cancer. The 3D-CRT provides them with less obstruction of diet, early clinical stage and longer survival time. 3D-CRT combined with chemotherapy may improve survival rate.

Objective To compare the difference of dose distribution between inverse planning simulated annealing (IPSA) and hybrid inverse treatment planning and optimization (HIPO) in 3D brachytherapy plan of cervical cancer,and to provide evidence for selection of reverse planning optimization method for cervical cancer brachytherapy.Methods From Dec 2016 to May 2017,totally 43 cases of patients with cervical cancer radical surgery were selected.Original IPSA brachytherapy treatment plan optimization was applied to all cases.Based on the information of original image,IPSA and HIPO plans were established according to the same initial conditions.Parameters of Dg0,D100,V100％,Homogeneity Index (HI),and conformal index (CI) of the bladder,rectum and sigmoid D2 cm3 data for High-Risk Clinical Target Volume (HR-CTV) were assessed.Results There was no statistically significant difference in D90,D100 and CI for HR-CTV between the two groups.But the V100％ of HR-CTV in HIPO group was significantly higher than that in IPSA group [(87.72 ±0.49)％ vs.(85.01 ± 0.55)％,t =2.54,P ＜0.05].Furthermore,HI in HIPO group was (0.51 ±0.08),which was higher than that in IPSA group (0.42 ± 0.06),and the difference was statistically significant (t =3.02,P ＜ 0.05).Compared with IPSA,bladder D2 cm3 and rectum D2 cm3 [(3.04 ± 0.37) Gy] for HIPO plan were lower [(3.42 ± 0.17) Gy vs.(3.57 ± 0.28) Gy,(3.04 ± 0.37) Gy vs.(3.57 ± 0.28) Gy],which had reached statistical significance (t =0.27,0.19,P ＜ 0.05).There was no statistical significance in the D2 cm3 dose of sigmoid.Conclusions In the treatment of cervical cancer,better target area HI and less irradiated dose of bladder and rectum can be obtained by HIPO optimization than IPSA optimization.

Objective:To customize the individualized 3D printed head film for patients with head tumors undergoing radiotherapy, and to evaluate the physical properties of the material and the precision of this technology compared with the thermoplastic head film.Methods:The 3D printed head film and thermoplastic head film were placed on the solid water surface, and the depth and surface dose were measured at 5 cm by ionization chamber and film, respectively. Thirty patients with head tumors receiving radiotherapy were randomly divided into the control and experimental groups. The patients were fixed with thermoplastic head film and 3D printed head film. The translational and rotational errors in the x, y and z direction were obtained by CBCT.Results:The radiation attenuation rate of two materials at the depth of 5 cm was less than 1%. The dose of thermoplastic head film in the surface position was increased by 27%, and increased by 18% in the 3D printed head film. In two groups, 116 sets of setup errors were collected. The average translational setup errors in the control and experimental groups were 1.29 mm and 1.16 mm, 1.42 mm and 1.24 mm, 1.38 mm and 1.16 mm, respectively, and the average rotational setup errors were 1.29°and 1.08°, 1.02°and 0.96°, 1.01°and 1.00°, respectively. The translational setup errors in the y and z direction and rotational setup errors in the x direction significantly differed between the control and experimental groups (all P<0.05), but no statistical significance was found in the other direction (all P>0.05). Conclusion:The 3D printed head film fixation meets the precise setup requirements of modern radiotherapy, which deserves further application in clinical trials.

Objective To investigate the relationship between gene mutation characteristics and immunological markers in patients with small cell lung cancer.Methods From January 2019 to 2020,155 patients with small cell lung cancer were admitted.Gene mutations were detected in these patients using target gene capture and sequencing method.Moreover,the tumor mutational burden(TMB)and expression of PD-L1 in some patients were detected.Results A total of 326 gene mutations were detected in the patients,the most significant of which were TP53 and RB1.Among the 8 genes with mutation frequency higher than 15％,patients with KMT2D,KMT2C,FAT1 and NOTCH1 mutations had higher TMB than those without mutation,and the difference was statistically significant(P＜0.05).Conclusion The most common mutated genes in patients with small cell lung cancer are TP53 and RB1.KMT2D,KMT2C,FAT1 and NOTCH1 may be potential markers for the efficacy of immunotherapy in small cell lung cancer.

In order to provide basic information for the utilization and development of famous classical formulas containing Bletillae Rhizoma， this article systematically analyzes the historical evolution of the name， origin， harvesting and processing of Bletillae Rhizoma by reviewing the ancient materia medica， prescription books， medical books and modern literature. The research results showed that Baiji（白及） was the main name， some scholars took Baiji（白芨） as its main name， and there were many other names such as Baiji（白给）， Baigen（白根）， Baiji（白苙）. The mainstream source of Bletillae Rhizoma was the tubers of Bletilla striata， and drying， large， white， solid， root-free and skin removed completely were the good quality standards. With the promotion of wild to cultivated medicinal materials， there were certain differences between their traits， and the quality evaluation indexes should be adjusted accordingly. The origin of records in the past dynasties was widely distributed， with Guizhou and Sichuan having high production and good quality in modern times. The harvesting period is mostly in spring and autumn， and harvested in autumn was better. The processing and processing technology is relatively simple， and it was used fresh or powdered in past dynasties， while it is mainly sliced for raw use in modern times. Based on the results， it is suggested that the tubers of Bletilla striata of Orchidaceae should be used in the famous classical formulas， and it should be uniformly written as Baiji（白及）. And if the original formula indicates the requirement of processing， it should be operated according to the requirement， if the requirement of processing is not indicated， it can be used in raw form as medicine.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common malignant tumor with poor prognosis and high mortality. In this study, we demonstrated a novel vaccine targeting HCC and tumor neovascular endothelial cells by fusing recombinant MHCC97H cells expressing porcine α-1,3-galactose epitopes (αGal) and endorphin extracellular domains (END) with dendritic cells (DCs) from healthy volunteers. END⁺/Gal⁺-MHCC97H/DC fusion cells induced cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and secretion of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). CTLs targeted cells expressing αGal and END and tumor angiogenesis. The fused cell vaccine can effectively inhibit tumor growth and prolong the survival time of human hepatoma mice, indicating the high clinical potential of this new cell based vaccine.