Objective To compare the sensitivity and specificity between indirect enzyme -linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)and double -antibody sandwich ELISA kits produced in China and to select the best ELISA kit.Methods Samples for evaluation included 60 serum plates and 40 serum samples positive or weakly positive for antibody to hepatitis C virus (anti -HCV)which were confirmed by re-combinant immunoblot assay.These samples were tested with a sandwich ELISA kit and three indirect ELISA kits,all of which were pro-duced in China.Comparison between ELISA kits was made by paired chi -square test;comparison of false negative rate was made by R × C contingency table test.Results The sensitivities of three indirect ELISA kits and a sandwich ELISA kit were 90.2%,78.0%,95.1%, and 97.6%,respectively,and the specificities were 78.1%,72.6%,94.1%,and 100%,respectively.The sandwich ELISA kit had a 4-8 times higher sensitivity than indirect ELISA kits.The R ×C contingency table test revealed significant differences in false negative rate between ELISA kits and combinations of ELISA kits (χ2 =29.898,P <0.05).Conclusion Sandwich ELISA kit has higher sensitivity and specificity than indirect ELISA kits.Combined use of sandwich ELISA and indirect ELISA kits can significantly reduce the false negative rate and effectively prevent missed anti -HCV detection.

Objective To explore the characteristics of drug resistance of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus SCCmec genotyping.Methods The disc agar diffusion method was taken to test 500 Staphylococcus aureus susceptibility and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by multiplex PCR SCCmec genotyping assay.Results The rate of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was 40.0％ (200/500),and had a high resistance rate to clindamycin,sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline,which celebrate neomycin and quinolones resist ance rates,while a completely resistant to clindamycin and β-lactam drug,and other performance of multi-drug resist ance,resistance to vancomycin had not uncovered any prime strains; through SCCmec genotyping of MRSA,which mainly SCCmec Ⅲ and SCCmec Ⅳ well SCCmec Ⅴ type,another seven unclassified.Conclusion The separation of Staphylococcus aureus,methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus performance of multiple drug resistance performance of its SCCmec genotyping is SCCmec Ⅲ type and SCCmec Ⅳ and SCCmec Ⅴ type.

Metastatic encephaloma from lung carcinoma is one of the nost common intracranial tumors,which is paid to more and more attentions in Neurosurgery.Patients with metastatic neoplasm suffer great physiological and psychological pain for short survival time and survival of poor quality.In terms of treatment,surgery is the major method for metastatic encephaloma of lung cancer.But the subject range of surgery is limited to many factors,therefore many patients can not be treated with surgery.In order to solve the issue of applicability restriction,diversified adjuvant treatment strategies appear successively,such as chemotherapy,targeted therapy,immunotherapy.It has been verified by a number of clinical evidences that these therapies can prolong lifetime and improve living quality of patients.But at the present stage,there is no an uniform standard for the treatment of metastatic encephaloma from lung carcinoma.To give full play the role of each treatment,it is important to understand the advantages and disadvantages.Only in this way,can the patient's interests be optimized.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to discuss the clinical value of central neck lymph node dissection in papillary thyroid carcinoma, especially in thyroid papillary microcarcinoma (PTMC). Also this article wants to evaluate the diagnostic significance of preoperative ultrasonography of central neck metastasis lymph nodes and the clinical significance of preoperative ultrasonography in central neck lymph node dissection. METHOD: Collected and analyzed 121 cases from September 2012 to December 2013. All of them had done the central neck lymph node dissection with the same standard by the same surgeon in our department. Evaluate the value of preoperative ultrasound diagnostic in thyroid microcarcinoma and non-microcarcinoma. RESULT: In the 121 patients, The 62 patients were diagnosed with PTMC (primary lesion d≤1. 0 cm). Accuracy rate of ultrasound diagnostic was 74. 2% (46/62), the rate of missed diagnosis was 61. 9% (13/21), the rate of misdiagnosis was 7. 3 % (3/41), sensitivity was 38. 1% (8/21), specificity was 92.7% (38/41), positive predictive value was 72. 7% (8/11), negative predictive value was 74. 5% (38/51) and the value of Kappa was 0. 3485. The other 59 patients was diagnosed with thyroid papillary non-microcarcinoma (primary lesion d>1. 0 cm). The accuracy rate was 55. 9% (33/ 59), the rate of missed diagnosis was 58. 3% (21/36), the rate of misdiagnosis was 21. 7% (5/23), sensitivity was 41. 7% (15/36), specificity was 78. 3% (18/23), positive predictive value was 75. 0% (15/20), negative predictive value was 46. 2% (18/39) and the value of Kappa was 0. 1757. CONCLUSION Cervical central lymph node dissection was necessary when the ultrasound diagnosis of cervical central lymph node-positive was prompted suspiciously in the thyroid papillary microcarcinoma. However, when it prompted negative, we could recommend patients to do the prophylactic central lymph node dissection in conjunction with the risk factors. Whether the ultrasound diagnosis of central lymph node was prompted suspiciously or not in the thyroid papillary microcarcinoma and non-microcarcinoma, the central lymph nodes dissection is necessary.
Carcinoma ; diagnostic imaging ; Carcinoma, Papillary ; diagnostic imaging ; Diagnostic Errors ; Humans ; Lymph Node Excision ; Lymph Nodes ; diagnostic imaging ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; diagnostic imaging ; Neck ; Risk Factors ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Thyroid Cancer, Papillary ; Thyroid Neoplasms ; diagnostic imaging ; Ultrasonography

ObjectiveTo assess the accuracy of indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody as a routine test in the blood center, discuss how to optimize the reporting process for HCV antibody, and protect donors′ enthusiasm and precious blood resources. MethodsA total of 116 samples were screened by two indirect anti-HCV ELISA kits available from Shanghai Kehua (reagent A) and Beijing Wantai (reagent B), respectively. Samples that yielded positive results or gray-zone results were further validated using a confirmation reagent to establish definitive results and compare confirmed positive results and the results with the two reagents for indirect ELISA. Differences in the ELISA results of the 116 samples between the two anti-HCV reagents were compared using the paired chi-square test and the agreement between the results with the two reagents were compared using the Kappa test. ResultsThere were significant differences in the test results between the two reagents used for indirect ELISA (P=0.04), but the two reagents varied greatly from each other. The false positive rates of samples strongly or weakly positive with both reagents were 0 and 35.7%, respectively; the false positive rates of samples positive with either reagent or samples with gray-zone results were 94.3% and 100% for reagent A and 842% and 88.9% for reagent B. ConclusionReagents used for indirect ELISA have high false positive rates and poor specificity and considerable differences exist between homemade indirect reagents. The existing HCV reporting process should be modified. Weakly positive specimens should be further validated by a confirmatory test to protect blood donors′ enthusiasm.

Objective To investigate the behavioral problems and self-concept of children with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and the correlation between them. Methods The subjects came from a sample survey of primary and middle school students' mental status in 6 regions in Hunan province. Achenbach child behavior checklist (CBCL) was filled out by parents. The Children's self-concept scale (CSCS) was completed by children themselves. Results There were significant differences between the scores of ODD group and the normal control among all CBCL subscales except the activities scale, and the scores for the CSCS scales were all lower in patients with ODD than the control group except for the physical appearance and attributes (P<0.01). In addition, according to correlation analysis, the CBCL scores yielded small but significant correlations with the CSCS scores for children with ODD(P<0.05). Conclusion Children with ODD have generally behavioral problems, poor social competence, and lower self-concept, whose behaviors were correlated with their self-concept.

Objective：To explore the characteristics of behavioral problems and self-concept level in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD)accompanying anxiety disorder.Methods：With stratified random sampling method,a sampling survey was made in 9495 children(aged 5～17 years)from 6 regions of Hunan province together.Using the two stage epidemiologic research method,three groups,including control group(214 cases),pure ADHD(219 cases)and ADHD accompanying anxiety disorder(111 cases)were determined as the subjects.All the subjects completed the Children's Self-Concept Scale(CSCS),and the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist(CBCL)was completed by their parents.Results：(1)Compared to the control group,the pure ADHD group scored higher in CBCL [e.g.,the total score:(30.35±24.32)vs.(16.97±14.86)],and scored lower in CSCS [e.g.,total score:(50.85±9.98)vs.(57.46±10.80),P<0.05].(2)Compared to the control group,children with ADHD accompanying anxiety disorder scored higher in CBCL [e.g.,total score:(41.66±28.07),P<0.01],and in CSCS except physical activities(Ps<0.05).(3)Compared to the pure ADHD group,ADHD accompanying anxiety disorder group scored higher in CBCL and lower in CSCS[behavior:(10.44±3.17)vs.(11.55±2.80);anxiety:(8.06±2.61)vs.(9.21±2.61),gregariousness:(7.42±2.22)vs.(8.16±1.89);total score:(47.25±9.93)vs.(50.85±9.98);Ps<0.05].Conclusion：ADHD children have more behavioral problems and lower level of self-concept than normal children,and children with ADHD accompanying anxiety disorder have more prominent presence of behavioral problems and lower self-concept rating than children with pure ADHD.

Objective: To explore the clinical efficacy of spine subtle adjusting manipulation for postpartum low back pain (PLBP). Methods: A total of 76 patients with PLBP were randomized into a control group and a treatment group, with 38 cases in each group. The control group was treated with core muscle strengthening exercises, and the treatment group was treated with spine subtle adjusting manipulation. After 3 weeks of treatment, the clinical efficacy was observed, and the visual analog scale (VAS) score and Oswestry disability index (ODI), and the changes of lumbar Cobb angle and pelvic rotation were compared between the two groups. Results: The total effective rate of the treatment group was 92.1％, and that of the control group was 78.9％. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P<0.05). After treatment, the VAS score and ODI in both groups decreased, and the intra-group differences were all statistically significant (P<0.05). There were no intra-group statistical differences in the lumbar Cobb angle or pelvic rotation in the two groups (P>0.05). After treatment, there were no statistical differences in the lumbar Cobb angle or pelvic rotation between the two groups (P>0.05); the VAS score and ODI in the treatment group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Spine subtle adjusting manipulation can effectively relieve the pain for patients with PLBP, and improve their daily activity function.

Objeetive To analyze the clinical efficacy of liver transplantation (OLT) for patients with hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS).Methods From 2008 to 2013,420 adult patients underwent liver transplantation in our hospital.There were 91 patients with,and 329 patients without,HPS.The 5-year survival and mortality rates after OLT for the two groups were retrospectively analyzed.Results There were no significant differences between patients without and with HPS in age,primary disease,Child-Pugh score,MELD score,cold ischemia time and warm ischemia time.However,the differences on serum albumin [(29.6 ± 1.2) g/L vs.(26.4 ± 1.6) g/L] and blood oxygen pressure [(61.0 ±9.0) mmHg (1 mmHg =0.133 kPa) vs.(87.0 ± 6.0) mmHg] were significantly different (P ＜ 0.05).The 1-year cure rate was 65.9％ (60/91) in 91 patients with HPS after liver transplantation.The 1,3,5-year cumulative survival rates for patients without HPS were 97.3％,90.9％ and 80.3％,respectively,and the main causes of death were primary graft dysfunction,recurrent cardiovascular events and primary disease recurrence or tumors.The 1,3,5-year cumulative survival rates for patients with HPS were 65.9％,59.3％ and 56.0％,and the main causes of death were multiple-organ failure,pulmonary infection and cerebrovascular events.Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis showed that the survival of patients with HPS was significantly lower than that of patients without HPS (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Liver transplantation is the most effective treatment for patients with HPS,but the short-term mortality rate is relatively high.We still need to learn more about HPS to improve the survival rate of patients with HPS after liver transplantation.

Microbe is extremely abundant in nature, and its size has a very wide coverage from nano- to micro-scale making it suitable to be processed at multi-scale level as natural "building blocks" and "chassis cells". Biofabrication based on microbes is an artificial manipulation on microbes to assemble functional materials and devices by using the specific structures and various biological functions of microbes. In the meantime, the novel strategies of biofarication enables us to study the behavioral details of microbes, which will provide new platforms for uncovering the unsolved basic scientific problems of microbes. In this paper, we reviewed the frontier and progress in biofabrication from nano- and micro-scale in microbes that were manipulated as structured "building blocks" or functional "micro/nano robots".
Bacteria ; metabolism ; Biomimetics ; methods ; Biotechnology ; Microfluidic Analytical Techniques ; methods ; Nanotechnology ; Viruses ; metabolism