Objective To explore the value of the combined detection of helper T lymphocyte (Th)1 and 2 type cytokines ex‐pression in the evaluation of acute pancreatitis severity and treatment efficacy .Methods From May 2009 to June 2013 ,the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA ) was adopted to detect the expression levels of Th1‐type cytokineinterferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) and Th2‐type cytokine interleukin (IL)‐4 in 32 cases of mild acute pancreatitis (MAP group) and 18 cases of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP group) on 1 ,4 ,7 d after admission as well as 15 cases of normal healthy people (control group) .Results The test results of IFN‐γ on 1 ,4 ,7 d after admission in the MAP group were (31 .47 ± 4 .35) ,(36 .92 ± 4 .12) ,(49 .09 ± 4 .97)ng/L ,which of IL‐4 were (54 .72 ± 5 .52) ,(45 .26 ± 4 .89) ,(39 .79 ± 3 .85)ng/L .The test results of IFN‐γ on 1 ,4 ,7 d after admission in the SAP group were (23 .97 ± 5 .39) ,(26 .29 ± 3 .47) ,(33 .64 ± 4 .47)ng/L ,and which of IL‐4 were (70 .45 ± 5 .05) ,(65 .99 ± 4 .58) ,(56 .23 ± 4 .23)ng/L .The test results of IFN‐γ and IL‐4 in the normal control group were (49 .26 ± 20 .67)ng/L and (35 .15 ± 16 .32)ng /L respectively .Compared with the normal control group ,the expressions of Th1‐type cytokine IFN‐γ in the MAP group (except which on 7 d) and peripheral blood Th1‐type cytokine IFN‐γ in the SAP group were decreased and the expression of Th2‐type cyto‐kine IL‐4 was increased ,the difference was statistically significant (P< 0 .05) ;The test results of each index in the same treatment time had statistically significant differences between the SAP group and the MAP group (P< 0 .05) .Conclusion The obvious po‐larization of Th1‐type cytokine and Th2‐type cytokine exists in acute pancreatitis ,and the polarization degree is related with the se‐verity of disease .The combined detection of Th1‐type cytokine and Th2‐type cytokine is beneficial to judge the extent of serious condition and treatment effect of acute pancreatitis .

Objective To assess the leading causes of death and disability adjusted life year (DALY) due to non-communicable disease (NCD) in China.Methods World Health Report 2004 published by the World Health Organization (WHO) was reviewed,including total deaths,deaths per 100 000,agestandardized death rate per 100 000,total DALYs,DALYs per 100 000 and age-standardized DALYs per 100 000 by cause and by member state.Diseases or injuries were assigned to three levels:communicable diseases,NCD and injuries (the first level); categories of disease or injure (the second level); specific diseases (the third level).R2.15 was used for data analysis.Results NCD causes 737.6 million deaths,141million total DALY years,627 age standardized mortality per 100 000,and 10 829 age-standardized DALYs per 100 000.NCD account for 79.4％ and 70.3％ total death or all-cause DALYs.Conclusions Cardiovascular disease,malignant neoplasm and respiratory disease were the leading causes of death,while neuropsychiatric disorder,cardiovascular disease and sense organ disease were the most important causes of DALYs.Among China,the United Kingdom,the United States,Canada,Japan,Korea and India,China ranked second in age-standardized mortality rate of chronic disease.DALYs of esophagus cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were 6 or 2 times of world average level.Besides,the increasing trend in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus remains impressive.

Objective To compare the changes in TLR4-NF-κB signaling pathway in infant and adult mice infected with influenza virus, and to provide experimental evidence for the study of immunopathological mechanism in pediatric respiratory virus susceptibility. Methods Immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR were applied to detect the expressions of lung TLR4 and NF-κB P65 mRNA and proteins in the infant and adult mice, and to compare the changes in TLR4-NF-κB P65 signaling pathway after infection with influenza virus.Results (1) The infant model group showed the strongest expression of TLR4 protein in the lung tissue, compared with that in the normal group and adult model group showing significant differences (P<0.05).(2) The expression of NF-κB P65 protein in the lung tissue was strongest in the infant model group, and it was gradually increased over time, showing a significant difference between each time point and the next time point (P<0.05).(3) The infant model group showed the strongest expression of TLR4 mRNA in lung tissue, significantly higher than that in the normal and adult model groups (P<0.05).(4) The expression of NF-κB P65 mRNA in the lung tissue was highest in the infant model group, and significantly higher than that in the normal and the adult model groups ( P<0.05) , and it was gradually increased with the time.Conclusions The over-activation of TLR4-NF-κB P65 signaling pathway may be one of the immunopathological mechanisms of serious injury in the lung tissue in infant rats.

To explore an effective method with few operative complications for treating circumferential mixed hemorrhoids (CMH).Sixty three cases of CMH (Group A) were treated with limited external incision and internal ligation combined with restoration of intervenient skin and 34 cases (Group B) were treated with traditional external incision and internal ligation as control. Anal canal diameter (ACD), anal canal quiescent pressure (ACQP) and anal canal systolic pressure (ACSP) were determined before and after operation. Short term and long term therapeutic effects were also observed and compared in the two groups.Short term and long term therapeutic effects in Group A were better than those in Group B (P

Objective:To investigate the risk factors of rotator cuff tears combined with long head of bicep tendon (LHBT) lesion and its effects on preoperative function.Methods:From January 2016 to January 2020, there were 680 patients with rotator cuff tears, including 260 males and 420 females, were included. The average age was 56.1±8.7 (range 27-74 years). There were 250 cases on the left side and 430 cases on the right side. There were 436 cases on the main side, while 274 cases had definite trauma before operation. The following were the Post rotator cuff tears classification, 133 cases in partial injury, 473 cases in small and medium size of rotator cuff tears, 74 cases in large and massive size of rotator cuff tears. The Habermayer-Walch classification of LHBT lesions was as following, 302 cases in type 0 (normal), 216 cases in type 1 (tendonitis), 29 cases in type 2 (dislocation and subluxation), 104 cases in type 3 (partial tear), 20 cases in type 4 (complete tear) and 9 cases in type 5 (SLAP injury above type II). The patient with rotator cuff tears were divided into partial tears group, medium and small tears group, large and massive tears group according to the classification of Post. The visual analogue scale (VAS), simple shoulder test (SST), Constant-Murley function score and the score of the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) were recorded. The differences in age, sex, main side, trauma and LHBT lesion in patients with three types of rotator cuff tears were analyzed. The preoperative pain and function scores of patients with or without LHBT lesions in various rotator cuff tears were compared among the groups by t-test. The age, sex, main side, with trauma or not, and the classification of rotator cuff tears were analyzed by Logistic regression to investigate the risk factors of patients with rotator cuff tears with LHBT lesions. Results:There were 378 cases (55.6%) with LHBT lesions in 680 patients with rotator cuff tears, including 216 cases of tendinitis (57.1%), 104 cases of partial tear (27.5%), 29 cases of dislocation and subluxation (7.7%), 20 cases of complete tear (5.3%) and 9 cases of SLAP injury (2.4%). The incidence of partial injury, small and medium injury, large and massive rotator cuff injury combined with LHBT lesions were 35.3% (47/133), 57.5% (272/473) and 79.7% (59/74) respectively. The preoperative VAS score, UCLA score, Constant-Murley score and SST score were 5.20±1.52, 14.81±4.12, 41.45±4.93 and 4.56±1.96 respectively in rotator cuff tears group and 5.29±1.65, 14.34±4.01, 41.60±5.88, 4.47±1.97 in LHBT group ( P>0.05). In the partial rotator cuff tears group, the VAS score was 5.16±1.41 in patients with simple rotator cuff tears and 5.68±1.46 in patients with LHBT lesion ( t=2.004, P=0.047). Regression analysis showed that age ≥60 years and rotator cuff tears degree were the risk factors for rotator cuff tears with LHBT ( P<0.001). Conclusion:It is common for patients to have rotator cuff tears with LHBT lesions. The more severe the rotator cuff tears are, the higher the incidence of LHBT lesions will be. Patients with rotator cuff tears aged 60 and above are more likely to have LHBT lesions. However, the complications of LHBT could not affect the preoperative pain and functional scores of patients with rotator cuff tears.

The Pharmacopeia of the People’s Republic of China 2025 Edition (referred to as the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2025 Edition, ChP 2025) will be promulgated and implemented. This article introduces the process of development of ChP 2025 Edition (Volume Ⅱ), including the selection, the revision of general notices,the addition and revision of drug monographs, etc., and provides some analysis and examples to illustrate,which can facilitate the readers to understand and implement the ChP 2025 Edition (Volume Ⅱ).

ObjectiveTo examine whether the single nucleotide polymorphisms in inflammation-related genes are associated with the risk of amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI).MethodsThe study recruited 116 aMCI patients and 93 matched healthy controls.All subjects underwent extensive assessment of cognitive function,genotyping was carried out on the platform of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry.Results ( 1 ) There was prominent discrepancy between aMCI and controls in the memory,attention and executive functions,20 minutes delayed recall of auditory verbal memory test (AVMT) (3.0(0.0 ～ 10.0 ),8.0 (0.0 ～ 12.0),t =- 8.533,P ＜ 0.05 ),recall of Rey-Osterrieth complex figure test ( R-O CFT) (11.2 ±8.3,16.1 ±8.0,t=4.216,P＜0.05),digit span test (DST) (12.0(7.0 ～ 19.0),13.0(7.0 ～20.0),Z=-2.516,P＜0.05),trail making test A (TMTA) (80.0s(35.0 ～200.0)s,72.0s(29.0 ～512.0)s,Z=-3.113,P＜0.05),trail making test B (TMTB) ((180.1 ±72.7)s,(141,7 ±52.1)s,t=-4.385,P＜0.05 ).(2) No significant differences were found in frequencies of alleles,genotypes and hapolotypes of inflammation mediator genes ( interleukin 10,interleukin 1 A,interleukin 1 B,tumor necrosis factor,interleukin 6,α1- an-tichymotrypsin gene,transforming growth factor B1 ) between aMCI and controls (P ＞ 0.05 ).ConclusionThe results indicate that polymorphisms in the inflammation-related candidate genes do not appear to be involved in the risk of developing aMCI.

Objective To investigate the features of white matter impairment and its relationship with cognition in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI).Methods Eighty-three cases of aMCI and 85 normal aging volunteers were scanned with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) using MR system.All subjects completed the neuropsychological battery.We analyzed the differences between two groups using tract-based spatial statistics and the association between regions in difference and cognition using correlation analysis.Results There were significant differences between aMCI and normal control in the neuropsychological battery including the Mini-Mental State Examination(26.2 ± 2.6 vs 28.3 ± 1.3,F =43.224,P =0.000),Mattis Dementia Rating Scale-2 (131.4 ± 6.9 vs 138.0 ± 3.5,F =62.308,P =0.000),Auditory Verbal Learning Test-delayed recall(2.4 ± 1.6 vs 7.5 ± 2.0,F =324.018,P =0.000),Boston Naming Test(8.7 ± 1.4 vs 9.2 ± 1.0,F =6.821,P =0.010),Rey-Osterrich Complex Figure Test (12.1 ± 7.3 vs 18.5 ± 6.1,F =40.674,P =0.000),Symbol Digit Modulation Test (30.0 ± 10.1 vs 38.6 ± 9.8,F =30.786,P =0.000),Trail-Making Test Part B ((256.8 ± 124.5) s vs (178.1 ± 59.0) s,F =27.601,P =0.000).Significantly higher diffusivity indexes and radial diffusivity were also found in aMCI subjects compared to healthy elders in the parahippocampal,superior longitudinal fasciculus,inferior longitudinal fasciculus,superior fronto-occipital fasciculus,inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus,unciform fasciculus,corticospinal tract,corpus callosum,cingulum,corona radiate.We also found that axial diffusivity was significantly increased in the parahippocampal,superior longitudinal fasciculus,inferior longitudinal fasciculus,superior fronto-occipital fasciculus,inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus,unciform fasciculus,corticospinal tract and corpus callosum,whereas fractional anisotropy changes were not observed in aMCI.Diffusivity indexes values in bilateral frontal lobe (left r =0.67 ; right r =0.70),left cingulum (r =0.63),parietal white matter (r =0.69) and radial diffusivity values in left parietal (r =0.68) were significantly related to Trail Making Test A among aMCI (all P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions In aMCI patients,there was a wide range of white matter damage,with no brain region-specific.Executive function deficit was related to the white matter impairment in bilateral frontal lobe,left cingulate and parietal lobe.The specificity and sensitivity of four DTI parameters fordetecting white matter lesions are variant.Trial registration Clinical Research Center of Jiangsu Province (BL2013025)

Objective To investigate the relationship between amnestic mild cognitive impairment and functional genes associated with hyperphosphorylated tau protein.Methods One hundred and sixteen amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) patients and 93 normal controls were recruited for the study.Multi-dimension neuropsychologic tests were used to assess the cognitive function extensively.MassARRAY and iPlex systems were used to measure candidate SNP polymorphisms,analyze genotypic,allelic or haplotypic distributions and their interaction with ApoE ε4 and the correlation with the cognitive function in the subjects.Results ( 1 ) The scores of neuropsychologic tests in memory domain ( Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT)-first immediate recall,AVLT-second immediate recall,AVLT-second immediate recall,AVLT-5 minute delayed recall,AVLT-20 minute delayed recall,AVLT-recognition,Rey-Osterrich Comolex Test-delay) in aMCI patients ( 3.0 ( 0-7.0 ),5.0 ( 1.0-10.0),6.0 ( 1.0-11.0 ),4.0 (0-11.0),3.0(0-10.0),20.0(8.0-24.0),11.2 ±8.3) were significantly lower than those in the normal controls(4.0(0-9.0),7.0(2.0-11.0),9.0(3.0-12.0),8.0(0-12.0),8.0(0-12.0),22.0 (10.0-24.0),16.1±8.0) (Z=-3.592,-6.802,-6.408,-8.173,-8.533,-5.647 andt=4.216 respectively,all P ＜0.01 ) ; (2) Genotypic distributions of rs242562 GG in aMCI (7.826％ ) were significantly lower than those in normal controls (20.65％,OR =0.3525,95％ CI 0.1411-0.8807,P =0.024 98),however there were no differences in the genotypic,allelic or haplotypic distributions between aMCI patients and controls of glycogen synthase kinase-3β,cyclin dependent protein kinase-5,calcium and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase-Ⅱ,cell division cycle 2,dual-specificity tyrosine-phosphorylation regulated kinase 1A and low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6; (3) MAPT/STH rs242562 genotype was correlated with AVLT-immediate recall,AVLT-delayed recall,Rey-Osterrieth Complex Test,Rey-Osterrieth Complex Test-delayed recall and Clock Drawing Test (H =9.763,12.258,10.508,9.624,10.767,F =3.700,3.123 and H =6.591 respectively,all P ＜ 0.05 ) ; (4) There were no differences in the distributions of MAPT/STH rs242562 GG genotype and ApoE ε4 haplotype between aMCI patients and normal controls.Conclusions MAPT/STH rs242562 GG genotype decreases the genetic risk of aMCI,which might have important role in memory function in aMCI.The interaction between rs242562 GG and ApoE ε4 doesn' t affect the susceptibility to aMCI.

Objective To investigate the relative percentage of normal cognitive function (NCF),age associated memory impairment (AAMI),mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the elderly,and the correlation between cognitive function and ApoE genotypes.Methods A total of 2666 elderly people aged ≥65 years (2132 males and 534 females)were divided into 3 groups according age:65-74-year age group (925 cases),75-84 year age group (1054 cases) and 85-100-year age group (687 cases).ApoE genotypes were determined in the controls and patients with AAMI and MCI.The degrees of fundus arteriosclerosis were detected in all subjects except for patients with AD.Results There were 867 cases with NCF,860 cases with AAMI and 782 cases with MCI.The incidence of AAMI was higher in 65-74-year age group than in the other two groups (42.0％ vs.31.1,20.96).The incidences of MCI and AD were higher in 85-100-year age group than in the other groups (42.5％,13.3％).The major degrees of fundus arteriosclerosis were Ⅰ+,Ⅰ-Ⅱ°,Ⅱ in subjects with AAMI (34.7％,x2=10.02,P＜0.01) and were Ⅱ °/ Ⅱ + / Ⅲ° in subjects with MCI (34.9 ％,x2 =23.39,P＜0.001).The APOEε4 allele frequency was significantly higher in patients with MCI than in the controls (x2=8.31,P＜0.05).However,no significant differences in APOEε4 allele frequency were found between patients with AAMI and the controls.Conclusions The incidence of AAMI is highest in 65-74-year age group,while the incidences of MCI and AD are highest in 85-100-year age group.Compared to patients with AAMI,the more serious fundus arteriosclerosis and higher allele frequency of APOEε4 appear in patients with MCI.