The essence of training for clinical postgraduates is comprehensive capacity,including clinical and scientific research capacity,and the demand for the former is relatively higher than the latter. By means of discussion on the source and the educational system for postgraduates,we try to train clinical anesthesiology postgraduates with high diathesis and meet the needs of clinical anesthesia.

Clinical practice is an important teaching stage for interns of anesthesiology in medical universities.We discuss advantages and disadvantages for different teaching modes in the course of clinical practice,aiming at choosing a better one to optimize practice quality and bringing up graduates with high diathesis.

Objective To compare clinical efficacy between the situ secondary spleen pedicle amputation in laparoscopic splenectomy and open splenectomy for traumatic spleen rupture.Methods From January 2013 to June 2015 a total of 70 patients with splenic rupture undergoing splenectomy were devided into laparoscopic surgery (35 cases) and open surgery (35 cases) group.Clinical data included total intraoperative blood loss,the time spent on splenic artery ligation,total operation time,postoperative drainage volume,postoperative hemoglobin,platelet and albumin levels,time of anal exsufflation,hospital stay and postoperative complications.Results The average operation time in the OS group was shorter than that in LS group (P ＜ 0.05).However,LS group was better than the OS group in splenic artery ligation time,postoperative drainage volume,anus aerofluxus time,postoperative platelet count,postoperative albumin recovery,hospital stay and postoperative complications (all P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions The laparoscopic splenectomy by the amputation of in situ secondary spleen pedicle for traumatic spleen rupture has the advantages of a rapid recovery and a low postoperative complication.

Objective: To study antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) on hepatocytes during immune response in halothane hepatitis of guinea pigs. Methods: The model of halothane hepatitis of guinea pigs was used. Mixed lymphocyte hepatocytes were cultured and supernatants containing specific antigens and cytokines were added. The changes of hepatic function in immune response of halothane hepatitis were analyzed. Results: The cytotoxicity on hepatocytes induced by halothane 3 times included ADCC mediated by specific antigens. ADCC on hepatocytes induced by halothane once required the second induction. There was no cytotoxicity on hepatocytes of specific antigens and cytokines produced by proliferative lymphocytes induced by Kupffer cells. Conclusion: Humoral immunity is mainly ADCC. Specific antibodies and cytokines can not separately kill hepatocytes. The extent of immune response is related to induction by halothane.

In this paper, the lethal effect on Rhizopus, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium by ozone was studied. The mortality rate against the time of the treatment of ozone and the variation of ozone concentration was measured. The changes of cell form were also observed. The Experiment results indicate that fungi could be destroyed completely by ozone and the mortality rate obviously increase with the prolonging of treatment time. When ozone was absorbed by KI,the mortality rate declines.

Objective To study the correlation between chemotherapy drug sensitivity and the expression of P-glycoprotein protein(P-gp),lung resistant-related protein(LRP)in different esophageal carcinoma patients,which will offer experimental evidence for clinical individualized chemotherapy of esophageal carcinoma patients.Methods Selected fresh esophageal carcinoma's tissue,Common used drugs and chemoscheme for esophageal carcinoma were used for chemosensitivity testing of the primary cultured tumor cells.At the same time,immunohistochemistry method was used to detect the expression of P-gp and LRP of esophageal carcinoma cells.Results The chemotherapy drug sensitivity of single drug was different(P＜0.05).The combination of Tax and DDP had the best effect.DDP and NVB combination had a better effect than DDP and 5-FU combination.The sensitivity of DDP had no significant correlations with expression intensity of P-gp(P＞0.05),and it had significant correlation with expression intensity of LRP(P＜0.05).There were significant correlations between sensitivity of both NVB group and Tax group and expression intensity of P-gp and LRP(P＜0.05).There was no significant correlations between sensitivity of 5-FU and expression intensity of P-gp and LRP(P＞0.05).Conclusion The esophageal carcinoma chemosensitivity in vitro can indicate the sensitive drug of different patients,and guide individualized chemotherapy.The expression of P-gp and LRP has relationship with several chemotherapy drugs,which can provide base for individualized chemotherapy in clinic.

Objective To investigate the relationship of glycoprotein serglycin (SRGN) expression with invasion and metastasis of breast cancer cells,and the role of microRNA in the regulation of SRGN expression.Methods Real-time quantitative polymer ase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blot were used to detect the differences in SRGN expression between higher metastasis Michigan cancer foundation-7 (MCF-7)/5-Fu breast cancer cell lines and weaker metastasis MCF-7 cell line.The siRNA interference experiment and in vitro Transwell experiment were used to detect effect of SRGN on the ability of invasion and metastasis of breast cancer cells.Bioinformatics software was used to predict miRNAs targeting SRGN,and integrated microRNA differentially expressed chip data between breast cancer cell MCF-7 versus MCF-7/5-Fu.The miRNA quantitative PCR was used to determine the differences of candi date miRNA expression.After transfection of microRNA minics,Western blot was used to test candidate microRNA target SRGN.Transwell experiment was used to test the effects of candidate microRNAs on tumor cell invasion and metastasis.Results SRGN was increased significantly in MCF-7/5-Fu cells,and the invasion and metastasis of tumor cells were inhibited when SRGN was interfered.In addition,miR181 b/c expressed in MCF-7/5-Fu cells was reduced significantly,negatively correlated with SRGN expression,and targeted SRGN expression.It inhibited invasion and metastasis of tumor cells.Conclusions MicroRNA181b/c inhibits metastasis of breast cancer by targeting SRGN.

Objective To investigate the effects of spinal nerve ligation (SNL) on the changes of intestinal pathology and the levels of serum immunoglobulin in rats with ulcerative colitis.Methods Thirty-six healthy male rats, weighing 200-220 g, were randomly divided into three groups using the random number table method: spinal nerve ligation model group (group SNL), sham-operationgroup (group Sham) and non-operatedcontrol group (group Con), 12 in each group.After the establishment of SNL models, the three groups were given trinitro-benzene-sulfonic acid (TNBS) to induce ulcerative colitis.The serum level of immunoglobulin (IgG, IgM) were measured on the day before SNL, before TNBS modeling and 7, 14 d after TNBS modeling, respectively.Besides, the intestinal pathology were observed on 7 d after TNBS modeling.Results The basic values of IgM and IgG before operation were not statistically different among three groups.The level of IgG in group SNL was lower than that in group Sham after SNL operation with no significant difference, but the level of IgM was significantly lower than that of group Sham (P<0.05).On 7 d after TNBS modeling, both levels of IgG and IgM in group SNL were significantly lower than those in group Sham and group Con (P<0.01).On 14 d after TNBS modeling, the level of IgG in group SNL was significantly lower than that in group Sham and group Con (P<0.05).Furthermore, the colon lesions were more extensive and the inflammation was more serious in group SNL than those in group Sham and group Con on 7 d after TNBS modeling.Conclusion Neuropathic pain suppress immune activities, reduces the serum level of IgM and IgG and aggravates intestinal inflammation caused by TNBS.

Objective:To study the antigen presenting of Kupffer cells in immune response of Guinea pig halothane hepatitis. Methods:Sixteen male Guinea pigs were randomly divided into 2 groups. Experimental group:1% halothane and 40% O 2 were inhaled for 4 h, re inhaled on the 42nd and 84th day; Control group:only inhaled 40% O 2. Lymphocytes and Kupffer cells were separated and the culture was mixed on the 21st day after the last inhalation. 3H TdR was added 18 h before the end of culture. Immune response and the antigen presenting action of Kupffer cells were analysis by lymphocyte transformation test (LTT). Results:Halothane had significant pro proliferative effects on autologous lymphocytes( P

Objective To investigate whether rat grimace scale (RGS)could be used to assess pain in chronic pancreatitis,so as to provide evidence for pain research and clinical assessment of rat pain.Methods Twenty-eight adult male wister rats were evenly randomized into two groups (n =14):an experimental group and a control group.The experimental group was intravenously given 8 mg/kg body weight dibutyltin dichloride (DBTC)to induce chronic pancreatitis,and the control group was injected with ethanol and glycerin solution.Abdominal hypersensitivity,RGS scores and weight at different time points was detected.HE staining was used to detect the histological changes of pancre-atic tissue.Results Compared with the control group,the rats in the experimental group showed chro-nic inflammation in pancreatic tissue in two weeks.There was a significant increase in the number of abdominal withdrawals (P < 0.001 )and RGS in the experimental group.Conclusion Rat grimace scale might lead to a successful transition of basic science findings into clinical application.