Tropane alkaloids,such as hyoscyamine (or its more stable racemate atropine) and scopolamine,are remembered as the oldest drugs in medicine with wide pharmaceutical applications clinically for their mydriatic,antispasmodic,anticholinergic,analgesic and sedative properties.Presently,the supply of tropane alkaloids are entirely rested on their isolation from plant materials,yet the low contents of tropane alkaloids in plants raise the requirement to breed new varieties of high-yield tropane alkaloids and improving the production of tropane alkaloids in hairy root cultures or plants by biotechnology has be a research focus in the field of secondary metabolism.For the past decade,there have been important progresses on biosynthesis of tropane alkaloids and their molecular biology,some new pathway genes have been identified and many achievements have also been acquired in metabolic engineering of tropane alkaloids.This review summarized the recent advances in above aspects,and the problems and orientations of future research are also discussed and proposed.

ObjectiveTo investigate the selection of dilivery of pregnant women and related factors.MethodsThe selection of delivery modes for pregnant women was investigated by analyzing the associated factors of the infants registered into a computerized health care managing system from January 1,2008 to December 31,2010 at a local community of Shanghai.The information associated with delivery modes of their mothers was collected and the choice of delivery modes investigated through a standardized questionnaire by interviewing the mothers at two months after birth.ResultsThe cesarean section (C/S)rate of pregnant women residing in this local area was 58.3 ％ (224/384).In the C/S group,the percentages of delivery age ≥24 yr,white-collar workers,education level at high school and above and monthly income ≥ 3000 yuan were 73.2％ ( 164/224 ),38.4％ ( 86/224 ),79.5％ ( 178/224 ) and 80.8％ ( 181/224 )respectively.And they were all higher than those of vaginal delivery (63.1％,n =101; 32.5％,n =52;69.4％,n =111; 70.6％,n =113 ).The choices of C/S depended on the existences of maternal,fetal,social-psychological and others factors during pregnancy.Most pregnant women and families who chose C/S without medical indications were afraid of pain ( 33.9％ ) or a failure of vaginal delivery ( 30.5％ ).ConclusionsThe social-psychological factors of pregnant women are important in the choices of delivery modes.Unnecessary C/S could be reduced by improving their knowledge of delivery with meticulous prenatal health care consultations.

0.05).CONCLUSION:Domestic octreotide acetate have same effect to imported octreotide acetate in the treatment of Esophageal and gastric Varices Bleeding which is caused by portal hypertension in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis.Stopping bleeding rate of the achieved the similar level with.

Objectives To observe the effect of inhibition of transforming growth factor (TGF)?1 on the growth and aggression of colon cancer cells by RNA interference. Methods HCT116 colon cancer cells were transfected with small interfering dsRNA (siRNA), the effect of the inhibition of TGF?1 was tested by semi-quantitative RT-PCR, and changes in cell cycle distribution were analyzed by flow cylometry, the ability of aggression was detected by soft agar colony assay. Results The inhibition of the expression of TGF?1 was significantly detected after the transfection of siRNA against TGF?1, which induced the increase of S phase by 59.0%-82. 5% and decrease in G2 phase, colony assay further demonstrated that siRNA against TGF?1 led to a significant reduction in colony formation as compared with the control group. Conclusions The present data suggested that the expression of TGF?1 was conveniently and rapidly blocked by siRNA transfection, and this may lead to the cell cycle arrest and inhibition of the growth and tumorigenesis of colon cells.

Hyoscyamine 6 beta-hydroxylase (H6H) is the last rate-limiting enzyme directly catalyzing the formation of scopolamine in tropane alkaloids (TAs) biosynthesis pathway. It is the primary target gene in the genetic modification of TAs metabolic pathway. Full-length cDNA and gDNA sequences of a novel H6H gene were cloned from Datura arborea (DaH6H, GenBank accession numbers for cDNA and gDNA are KR006981 and KR006983, respectively). Nucleotide sequence analysis reveals an open reading frame of 1375 bp encoding 347 amino acids in the cDNA of DaH6H, while the gDNA of DaH6H contains four exons and three introns, with the highest similarity to the gDNA of H6H from D. stramonium. DaH6H also exhibited the most identity of 90.5% with DsH6H in amino acids and harbored conserved 2-oxoglutarate binding motif and two iron binding motifs. The expression level of DaH6H was highest in the mature leaf, followed by the secondary root, and with no expression in the primary root based on qPCR analysis. Its expression was inhibited by MeJA. DaH6H was expressed in E. coli and a 39 kD recombinant protein was detected in SDS-PAGE. Comparison of the contents of scopolamine and hyoscyamine in various TAs-producing plants revealed that D. arborea was one of the rare scopolamine predominant plants. Cloning of DaH6H gene will allow more research in the molecular regulatory mechanism of TAs biosynthesis in distinct plants and provide a new candidate gene for scopolamine metabolic engineering.

Objective To discuss the MRI characteristics of pituitary abscess,so that to improve the diagnosis of it.Methods MR imaging data in 8 cases with pituitary abscess proved by operation and pathology,and antibiosis therapy were retrospectively analyzed in combination with review of literatures.Of 8 cases,3 were male and 5 were female,the mean age was 53.3 years(ranged 36~62 years).Results MRI findings included hypophysis enlargement,isointensity in 6 cases and slight hyperintensity in 2 cases on T1WI;isointensity in 4,hyperintensity in 2 and mixed iso-and hyperintensity in 2 on T2WI;hyperintensity in one on DWI.On contrast-enhanced scan,all pituitary masses showed ring enchancement,6 cases showed thickened walls which were slightly lamellar;7 cases demonstrated pituitary stalk thickening and enchancement.Conclusion Pituitary abscesses are of certain typical MRI characteristics.

Objective To modify HLA-A2.1 restricted epitope of tyrosinase related protein-2 (TRP-2) (180-188) of human melanoma differentiation antigen and enhance HLA-A2.1 molecule its affinity to. Methods The TRP-2 (180-188) nave epitope was altered with the predominant amino acid for the primary anchor residues and auxiliary anchor residues. Altered peptide ligands (APLs) were scanned by polynomial method, the quantitative motif method and OSAR methods. The analogues their affinity to HLA-A2.1 molecule were assayed. Results Compared with the nave peptide, APLs had stronger affinity to HLA-A2 molecules. Conclusion Our results suggest that altered nave epitope with P1 (Y) and/or P2(L, M) can enhance affinity to HLA-A2 molecule. However, the immunogical efficacy of APLs needs to be identified in studies in vitro and in vivo.

Twenty six healthy males, 60-70 years old, having the same vitamin C nutritional status detected by saturation test were selected for this study. They were divided into 4 groups and supplemented orally with various amounts of vitamin C for 15 days. The intake of each group was 59, 94, 149 and 223 ing/day per capita respectively. After comparing the vitamin C contents of 4-hour saturation test urine and early morning 1 hour fasting urine at the end of the experiment, it seems that the optimal daily requirement for the elderly is about 95 mg, and the saturated daily requirement is a little higher than 223 mg.

Objective To investigate the effects of selenium-and zinc-enriched probiotics on the content of selenium and zinc in blood,antioxidation function and intestinal microflora in canine.Method Eight 18-month native canines,female and male in half,were randomly divided into the control and treatment groups on average.The control group received basal diet,the treatment group received basal diet supplemented with 2.0g selenium-and zinc-enriched probiotics everyday.To determine the experimental indices,the samples were collected on D0,D15 and D30,respectively.Results Compared with the control group,on D15,the content of selenium and zinc in blood,blood GPX,serum SOD,T-AOC and the amount of Lactobacillus in the experimental group were significantly increased,while the amount of Escherichia coli significantly decreased,but the serum MDA and the amount of Bifidobacterium,Staphylococcus and Enterococcus had no significant change.On D30,the content of selenium in blood,serum SOD,T-AOC and the amount of Lactobacillus were very significantly increased,while the content of zinc in blood,blood GPX and the amount of Bifidobacterium significantly increased;but serum MDA and the amount of Escherichia coli,Staphylococcus and Enterococcus very significantly decreased.Conclusion Selenium-and zinc-enriched probiotics could increase content of selenium and zinc in blood,enhance antioxidation function,improve and regulate the intestinal microflora.

Objective To study the effect of matrine on proliferation and metastasis associated the abilities of human highly metastatic ovarian cancer HO-8910PM cells and its possible mechanism.MethodsThe trypan blue staining and MTT assay were used to examine the effect of matrine on proliferation of HO-8910PM cells;Transwell chamber assay was performed to determine the effect of matrine on the invasive and migratory abilities of the cells;Coomassie brilliant blue staining assay was used to detect the changes in cytoskeleton treated by matrine at different concentrations and immunocytochemical methods were used to observe the expression of Ezrin protein in HO-8910PM cell line befores and after matrine treatment.Results There was an obvious dose-dependent and time-consuming effect on the inhibition of HO-8910PM cells proliferation by matrine;1.5 g/L matrine inhibited cell proliferation significantly,for 6 h after the treatment in vitro,the invasive and migratory abilities of HO-8910PM cells were also obviously down-regulated with the inhibitory rates(41.52?10.76)% and(39.73?10.67)%,respectively;Matrine distinctly changed the cytoskeleton and up-regulated the expression of Ezrin protein in HO-8910PM cell line treated with 1.0 g and 1.5 g/L matrine for 24 h.Conclusion Matrine inhibits the proli-feration,migration,and invasion abilities of HO-8910PM cell line in vitro,which may associate with the changes of cytoskeleton and Ezrin protein expression.