With the establishment of HPLC and LC-MS methods to determine the related substances and the content of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in ipratropium bromide aerosol products, several packing material-related impurities were identified, including antioxygen BHT and antioxygen 2246. Results showed that these leachable additives from the packing materials may present at a relative high level in the drug solution, and the low content of API in the drug products is usually due to the adsorption of the packing material as well as the leaking of contents. The current available assay methods for the control of ipratropium bromide aerosol products are often lack of specificity and unable to assure the drug quality effectively. To meet the increasing attention on the regulations of drug packing materials, our research would be a pilot study, indicating that the inappropriate packing materials could cause the migration and adsorption of the active ingredients, and the importance to have compatibility studies between packing materials and drugs.

This paper analyzes the characteristics of the follow-up quality survey and evaluation of medical graduate students in China.It raises that the follow-up quality survey of graduate students in medical schools should be institutionalized,standardized and normalized; the survey and evaluation should be conducted through close cooperation with the relevant departments and training units; comparative studies on graduates of different years should be conducted; and the indicator system and survey content should value the characteristics of times,training units and subjects; Finally,specific technical issues such as when and to whom the evaluation and survey should be conducted,survey arrangements,evaluation methods,the diversity of participants and determination of results are discussed and suggestions are put forward.

In Order to screen antidiarrhea drugs, the standard operation of mice diarrhea model replicated with leave of Cassia angustifolia vahl was introduced. In experiments, diarrhea index expressed with loose stool ineidence rate multiplied by loose stool grade was used as main index. It thoroughly mirrors indi. vidual diarrhea degree and possesses comparability. The result indicates that diarrhea index in mice presented normal distribution. The index between animal model groups kad no difference as well as no differcnce was found in model mice of same group for six consecutive days, with good reproduclbility. It is recommended that the model can be used for the screening of antidiarrhea drugs.

In order to evaluate the value of magnetic resonance cholangiography (MRC) and dynamic examination of duodenal fluid in the differential diagnosis between extrahepatic biliary atresia (EHBA) and infantile hepatitis syndrome (IHS), 52 patients with infantile cholestatic jaundice were examined by MRC and duodenal fluid examination. Original interpretations were compared with clinical outcome. Calculated sensitivity of duodenal fluid examination in diagnosis of EHBA was 100%, and specificity was 91.1%. Sensitivity of MRC in the diagnosis of EHBA was 94.4% and specificity 88.24%. The sensitivity of MRC and examination of duodenal fluid combined in diagnosis of EHBA was 94.4% and specificity 97.06%. We are led to conclude that MRC and dynamic examination of duodenal fluid are useful in the differential diagnosis between IHS and EHBA and the combined use of the two techniques yield better results.

Objective To observe the outcome of an absorbable bioactive bone-inducing material for the treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH).Methods Thirty rabbits were randomly,evenly divided into three groups,experience group with bioactive bone-inducing material planted into bone collapse,control group 1 with oral ShengMaiJiaoNang and control group 2 with no implantation in the bone necrosis.Results In experiment group,bone necrosis was halted and the collapse was repaired.Meanwhile,cancellous bone and cortical bone were regenerated,necrotic bone was basically healed,and bioactive bone-inducing material was gradually degraded and absorbed.In control group 1,part of the bone marrow vascular was repaired and regenerated,and a little new bone grew,which delayed the process of necrosis.In control group 2,there was no bone tissue regeneration in the bone collapse and further deterioration was observed.Conclusions The bioactive bone-inducing material can not only replace autologous cancellous bone,but also halt the progress of osteonecrosis,which may become an alternative treatment for the stage Ⅱ and early stage of ONFH.

Objective On the basis of previous experiments ,we try further to seek the new evidences of α7nAChR participating in 100 Hz electroacupuncture (EA ) regulating natural killer (NK ) cells activity .Methods α7nAChR antibody and the specificα7nAChR antagonist α-bungarotoxin (α-Bgt) were used to study the effect of α7nAChR on NK cell activity in 100 Hz EA mice .Re-sults Compared with 100 Hz EA group ,100 Hz EA plus α7nAChR-Ab group showed a significant enhanced in NK cell activity (P<0 .05) .100 Hz EA treated with 1 .5 or 3 .0 μg α-Bgt groups had higher NK cell activity than 100 Hz EA group(P<0 .01) . Conclusion α7nAChR is involved in 100 Hz EA modulation for immune function ,which provide the theoretical and practical basis for further clarifying and expanding the clinical application of EA .

Objective To investigate hepatic histological features and its influencing factors of HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B patients. Methods 134 HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients who underwent percutaneous liver biopsy were recruited in this study. The liver biopsy sections were examined after routine haematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, and silver staining for assessment of fibrosis. The activity of liver disease was assessed by using a modified Knodell numeric histology activity index (HAI). ALT level, HBV DNA load, HBV serological markers, HBV genotype were assessed with appropriate methods. t test or analysis of variance was used to compare means. Non-parametric was done by Kruskal-Wallis test. The correlation between liver pathological change and clinical factors was analyzed by multivariate linear regression. Results Of 134 HBeAg negative CHB patients, percentages of mild (HAI 4 ~ 8), moderate (HAI 9 ~ 12), and severe hepatitis (HAI 13 ~ 18) were 26.9%, 26.1%, and 47.0%, respectively. As for hepatic fibrosis, 18.7% and 81.3% of the patients had fibrosis score < 3 and ≥3, respectively. Multivariate regression analysis showed that ALT level and hepatic fibrosis were correlated to hepatic inflammation (t = 6.687,P < 0.01; t = 3.478, P < 0.01) while age and hepatic inflammation activity were influencing factors of hepatic fibrosis (t = 3.587, P < 0.01; t =7.136, P < 0.01). However, correlation is not significant between hepatic histological change and other factors, including gender, HBVDNA, HBV genotype and HBeAb status. Conclusions In this study, hepatic histological change tend to become worse in majority of HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B , especially in older patients and those with high ALT level.

Objective: To establish the model of palatine mucoperiosteal expansion and observe a new possible treatment approach to soft tissue defect of cleft palate. Methods: Expanders of 10ml were implanted beneath the palatine mucoperiosteum in 4 dogs and injected 1.0ml 0.9% NaCl at the same time. 20 days after the placement of the expander, the expander was expanded by 1.0-1.5ml every 7 days again. The dogs were killed after the expanders reached their capacity. All the specimens were performed histomorphometric and histological examinations. Results: Histological results showed the increase in the layer of cell and the number of collagen fibra and blood vessel. All the specimens of expanded tissue showed the formation of extra palatine mucoperiosteal tissue. Conclusion: Expansion technique is able to form extra palatine mucoperiosteal tissue,which could be a new restoration approach to soft tissue defect of cleft palate and others.

Objective To compare the image quality between large dose smart tracking technique and low dose test bolus technique for gem spectral CT pulmonary angiography(CTPA).Methods A total of 106 cases with suspected pulmonary embolism were divided into two groups.Group A(54 cases)was carried out with large dose smart tracking technique.Group B(52 cases)was carried out with low dose test bolus technique.We compared the image quality between the two groups.Results There were significant differences in the CT value of the right pulmonary artery and the content of iodine in the lower lobe of the right pulmonary artery of two groups(P<0.01).There was significant difference of image quality between the two groups(P<0.05).The rate of excellent or good image quality in group A was higher than that in group B,and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).Conclusion Large dose smart tracking technique can track the artifacts of pulmonary artery imaging with less artifacts and uniform vascular fixation.The image quality of pulmonary artery imaging is better than that of small dose contrast agent.

OBJECTIVE:To explore the effect of subarachnoid block anesthesia in endoulogy minimally invasive surgery of el-derly patients. METHODS:198 elderly patients underwent endoulogy minimally invasive surgery were randomly divided into obser-vation group (100 cases) and control group (98 cases). Observation group received subarachnoid block anesthesia,and control group received epidural anesthesia. The anesthesia onset time,anesthesia dose,surgery time,complete block time,satisfaction de-gree of anesthesia effect,the occurrence of ADR were compared between 2 groups. RESULTS:Anesthesia onset time and complete block time of observation group were (1.5 ± 0.6) min and (7.9 ± 3.9)min,which were significantly shorter than those of control group (4.5 ± 1.2) and (17.5 ± 4.3) min,with statistical significance (P<0.05). The anesthesia dose of observation group was (20.2 ± 4.8)mg,which was significantly lower than that of control group [(103.4 ± 20.1)mg],with statistical significance (P<0.05);the satisfaction degree of anesthesia effect was 95.0% in observation group,which was significantly higher than that of con-trol group(69.4%),with statistical significance(P<0.05);there was no statistical significance in surgery time and the incidence of ADR between observation group and control group(P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS:Subarachnoid block anesthesia consumes small dose,acts rapidly and shows significant anesthesia effect,it is used for endoulogy minimally invasive surgery of elderly patients.