Serum selenium level was determined in 72 patients with Graves′ disease (GD) and 58 patients with Hashimoto′s thyroiditis (HT). Their thyroid function, goiter, thyroid associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) and course of disease were observed. The serum levels of selenium in GD and HT patients were significantly lower than that in control group (both P

[Summary] A selection of 528 unrelated subjects were enrolled(198 males, 330 females) with the mean age of(52. 23 ± 13. 41) years old. According to body mass index, 253 persons belonged to the normal weight group and 275 persons overweight/ obesity group. A total of 10 SNPs in CIDEB and CIDEC genes were detected. SHEsis online were used to get the haplotypes of these two genes. The relationship between above SNPs and obesity were analyzed under additive inheritance pattern. The main effects and interaction on obesity induced by two genes’ haplotypes were analyzed by logistic regression. rs2144493 in CIDEB gene was associated with obesity, C was a protective alleles, OR (95% CI) equals 0. 722(0. 525-0. 992). CCTT haplotype of CIDEB gene carriers and GCG haplotype of CIDEC gene carriers were more prone to obesity or overweight, there was an interaction between the haplotypes of 2 genes. CIDEB, CIDEC haplotypes may play independent and interactive roles in causing obesity.

Objective To explore the characteristics of T cell immunity in peripheral blood of patients with carboxypeptidase - H antibody (CPH-Ab). Methods Forty-two latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) patients with CPH-Ab~+ alone, 20 Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients (T2DM), and 22 healthy controls were selected and their peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated. Human recombinant carboxypeptidase (CPH) protein was expressed and further used as a stimulant in Enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay to detect IFN-γ-Th1 and IL-4-Th2 cells in the 3 groups. Th1/Th2 ratios were also calculated. CPH-Ab and glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody (GAD-Ab) were determined by radioligand assay. Results Compared with healthy controls and T2DM, IFN-γ-Th1 and IL-4-Th2 numbers did not increase significantly in CPH-Ab~+ group, nor did the Th1/Th2 ratios (P ＞0. 05). We further divided the CPH-Ab~+ patients into a short duration group (n = 22) and a long duration subgroup (n = 20) according to the duration of 3 years. CPH-IL-4-T in the short duration subgroup was significantly higher than that in T2DM and healthy controls (1. 8 vs. 0.2 and 0.3, both P ＜ 0. 05) and we did not find any factor that was significantly correlated with the IL-4 spots number. There were not any significant differences in T cell responses to phaseolus vulgaris agglutinin (PHA) among all groups (P＞0.05). Conclusion CPH does not directly involve in the cellular pathological mechanism of LADA. Anti-CPH immunity may be associated with more slowly aggressive beta cell autoimmunity.

Objective To explore the characteristics of proinsulin secretion in latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA). Methods Fasting and 2 h sera in oral glucose tolerance test from 36 LADA patients, 37 type 2 diabetic patients and 43 healthy controls were collected to test glucose, proinsulin (PI) and C-peptide (CP) by radioimmune assay. Glutamie acid decarboxylase antibodies (GAD-Ab) were determined by radioligand assay.Results (1) Fasting proinsulin (FPI) and 2 h proinsulin (PPI) level in LADA patients were lower than those in type 2 diabetic patients (P<0.05), being both significantly inereasad compared with healthy controls (P<0.05 or P<0.01); The ratios of FPI/FCP and PPI/PCP (%) in LADA were beth significantly higer than those of type 2 diabetes mellitus and controls (P<0.05 or P<0.01); (2) LADA type-1 (GAD-Abe>0.3) patients showed lower PI levels(P<0.05 or P<0.01) and higher PI/CP ratio (all P<0.05) than LADA type-2 (0.05≤GAD-Ab<0.3); Meanwhile, there were no significant differences in above parameters between LADA type-2 and type 2 diabetes meUitus (P>0.05). (3) GAD-Ab index was negatively correlated with FPI and PPI in LADA group (r=-0.236 and-0.268, both P<0.05), and positively correlated with PPI/PCP (r=0.254, P=0.030).Meanwhile BMI was positively correlated with FPI, PPI and PI/CP in type 2 diabetes mellitus (all P<0.01). No factor entered the multiple regression analysis for predieting the hyperproinsulinemia and dispropriately elevated proinsulin levels in LADA patients. (4) According to the 99.5 th percentile of proinsulinemia in the healthy controls, which is defined as the cutoff point dispropriately elevated proinsulin levels, the proportion of subjects with fasting dispropriately elevated proinsulin levels (FPI/FCP) were 77.8%, 62.2% and 2.3% in LADA, type 2 diabetes meUitus and controls respectively, and PPI/PCP 83.3%, 51.4% and 2.3% respectively. Conclusion LADA patients, as well as type 2 diabetic patients, all showed hyperproinsulinemia and disproportionately elevated proiasulin levels that were one of characteristics of defective β-cell function. Moreover, disproportionately elevated nproinsulin level is more evident in LADA patients than that in type 2 diabetics and this may be related to humoral immunity.

Background and purpose:Cancer is a major public health issue in China and worldwide, which se-riously threatens human beings as well as social and economic development. This study explored the relationships between the cancer distribution characteristics and cancer prevalences in Chinese cancer surveillance regions to provide scientific evidence for cancer prevention and management.Methods:The data were obtained from the book named“Prevalence and Mortality of Cancer in China from 2003-2007” including incidence of 23 cancer types in 32 regions of China published by the Academy of Military Medical Sciences of the Chinese PLA in 2012. Correspondence analysis was used to gain the relation between the prevalence and area distribution. Cluster analysis was used to obtain the classifications with special significance by putting the cancers or regions with similar characteristics into a cluster.Results:Esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer, colorectal and anal cancer have high incidence and mortality in both genders. The districts with high incidence of esophageal cancer and gastric cancer were grouped together. The counties or cities (Shexian, Yangcheng, Linzhou, Yanting, Yangzhong and Jianhu) with high incidence of esophageal cancer and gastric cancer were classified into same cluster frequently. Fusui was grouped along because of the lower incidence of various cancers than the national average except for liver cancer. Guangzhou, Sihui and Zhongshan were the districts with high incidence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in both genders. Rural areas in Qidong and Haimen were classified into a cluster in male and total data for the high incidence of liver cancer. Colorectal cancer, anal cancer and breast cancer in women also had high incidence in urban areas. Cervical cancer had the second level high incidence in women following diseases of digestive system, breast cancer and lung cancer.Conclusion:Similar pathogenic factors may exist in counties or cities of Shexian, Cixian, Yangcheng,etc, because of the high prevalence of esophageal cancer. Similar pathogenic factors may also exist in other districts or cancers that were classified into the same cluster.

Objective To investigate the distribution of islet autoantibodies (GAD-Ab, IA2-Ab, IAA) in new-onset diabetic patients with unprovoked ketosis and their association with clinical characteristics and pancreatic ? cell function.Methods Islet autoantibodies, including GAD-Ab、IA2-Ab and IAA were detected in 161 new-onset diabetic patients with unprovoked ketosis by radioligand assay. Prevalence of positive islet autoantibodies was compared among groups with different ages, body mass indexes (BMI), severity of ketosis and fasting C peptide (FCP) levels. Clinical characteristics and pancreatic ? cell function were compared between groups with positive and negative islet autoantibodies.Results One or more kinds of islet autoantibodies were detected in 68 from the 161 subjects (42.2%), with higher prevalence of positive islet autoantibodies in the patients aged equal to or less than 20 years, of BMI equal to or less than 18.5 and with FCP equal to or less than 300 pmol/L. Younger age of onset, lower BMI, more severe ketosis and poorer islet endocrine function were found in patients with positive islet autoantibodies, as compared with those with negative ones.Conclusions In diabetic patients with unprovoked ketosis, the younger, the lower C peptide and the lower BMI they are, the higher prevalence of positive islet autoantibodies, the more possibility that they are classified as type 1A diabetes and the less possibility as type 1B diabetes or type 2 diabetes.Pancreatic ? cell function was poorer in patients with positive islet autoantibodies,which should be treated with insulin as earlier as possible.

Statistical graph, as a useful tool of data visualization, plays a crucial role in the statistical description. This paper mainly introduces several common statistical charts, their characteristics, practical examples and so on for frequency distribution, including qualitative variable and quantitative variable, in order to provide application reference for readers.

Objective To investigate the apoptosis of articular chondrocyte and the expression of Bcl-2, Bax, Fas and iNos in articular cartilage with Kashin-Beck disease(KBD) in order to understand the pathogenesis of chondronecrosis in KBD. Methods The collected samples of human articular cartilage were divided into two groups: control group (15 samples from 15 cases), KBD group (15 samples from 15 cases). KBD patients were diagnosed by "Pathological Criteria to Diagnose KBD in China". Chondrocyte apoptosis was detected by TUNEL staining, and the Bcl-2, Bax, Fas and iNos positive articular chondrocytes were stained by the B-SA of immunohistochemistry. Articular cartilage was classified three zones and the positive rate were counted by light microscope for cytoplasimic staining by polyclonal antibodies of Bcl-2, Bax, Fas and iNos and apoptotic chondrocytes by TUNEL. Results ① The percentage of positive apoptotic chondrocytes stained by TUNEL in the middle zone of articular cartilage from the KBD-children group(33.60±2.71%) was higher than that of the control (1.33±0.41% t=11.59, g=28, P<0.01). ②The percentage of chondrocytes staining for Bcl-2, Bax, Fas and iNos among the upper and the middle zone in KBD group were significantly higher than that of the control (t=11.75-18.65, g=14, P<0.01); the remarkable difference in the expression of Bcl-2, Bax, Fas and iNos among the upper, the middle and the deep zones was also seen in KBD articular cartilage (F=73.49-114.42, g=42, P<0.01), and staining for Bcl-2, Bax, Fas and iNos in KBD children was prominent in the upper zone(41.93±12.26%, 45.60±15.78%, 53.60±16.49%, 45.47±14.02%) and the middle zone(14.93±3.50%, 13.87±4.32%, 23.27±4.83%, 21.67±6.82%)of articular cartilage, respectively. Conclusion The chondrocyte apoptosis and the present of Bcl-2, Bax, Fas and iNos positive chondrocytes in articular cartilage of children with KBD were significantly higher than that of the control.

Objective To explore the association between the CpG methylation level of positive regulatory domain containing 16(PRDM16)gene promoter and obesity or body mass index(BMI). Methods A total of 116 patients(91 female adults and 25 male adults) with abdominal operation in a municipal hospital of Henan province were enrolled in this study and they were divided into two groups:normal weight group(n=50), overweight or obesity group ( n=66 ) . Fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein and low density lipoprotein were measured in peripheral blood. DNA was extracted from white blood cells in peripheral blood and modified by bisulphite. Then the CpG methylation level of PRDM16 gene promoter was detected by mass spectrometry. Finally, all data were analyzed by IBM SPSS Statistics 21. 0 at the 5% level. The essential features and biochemical indexes of research objects between two groups were compared by two independent sample t-test, except chi-square test for gender. The correlation between CpG methylation level of PRDM16 gene and BMI was analyzed by multiple linear regression. Results There were no significant differences ( P>0. 05 ) in the methylation levels of PRDM16 gene's effective CpG sites(including CpG5. 6, CpG8, CpG9, CpG12, CpG13. 14. 15, CpG26. 27, CpG28 and CpG29) between two groups. The methylation level of CpG26. 27 had positive linear relation with BMI in overweight or obesity group with the standardized coefficients of 46. 928(P=0. 015), which means the higher the methylation level is, the higher the BMI would be. Conclusion The CpG26. 27 methylation level of PRDM16 gene promoter region may have relationship with the risk of obesity.

Objective To explore the clinical applicating and efficacy of free fibula osteomyocutane- ous flap in mandible defect reconstruction in osteoradionecrosis patients.Methods The mandible defects were reconstructed by free fibula flaps with or without muscle cuff.The soft tissue defects were repaired by skin paddles.Status of osteotomy in fibula and flap survival was recorded.The complication in recipient site and donor site,as well as mouth opening and occlusion were reviewed.Facial contour and chewing function after reconstruction were evaluated.Results Patients were followed up 3-16 months.4 free fibula flaps with muscle cuff and 5 without muscle cuff survived well.The size of mandible defects covered from 6cm to 17cm. And the harvested fibula flaps with length of 8.6-17cm were cut into 3 segments in 2 cases,and 2 segments in 5 cases.Fibula flap was divided into 2 segments and overlapped in 2 cases.No serious complication was oh- served in recipient site and donor site.Satisfying esthetic result and normal occlusiong of heath mandible were obtained in all cases.The degree of mouth opening was 2.5-3.3cm.Fair chewing function was revealed in re- constructive region after prosthesia repaired.Conclusion Free fibula osteomyocutaneous flap is relatively ideal reconstruction material of mandible defect in osteoradionecrosis patients for its high survival rate and well esthetic results.