AIM:To detect the changes of cardiac functions of septic mice in the early stage of sepsis. METHODS:Health male Kunming mice were used in the study. The techniques of 2D,Mmode and Doppler echocardiography were applied to evaluate the cardiac functions before cecal ligation and puncture(CLP) as baseline and at time points of 12 h,24 h,36 h,48 h and 168 h after CLP. The mice survived for 168 h(7 d) were considered as survivals. RESULTS:Compared to the baseline at the time point of 24 h after CLP,the blood volumes of heart return decreased significantly in the early stage of sepsis induced by CLP. LVEDV reduced by 46%. Notable compensatory responses of the hearts in septic mice were observed,especially the systolic functions,in which LVEF and LVFS increased by 27% and 39% ,respectively. However,the compensatory responses of diastolic function were weaker than the systoles. E/A ratio and EDT decreased by 30% and 25% respectively at the time point of 24 h. CONCLUSION:The strong compensatory cardiac functions are one of the factors for supporting the septic animal to survive. Protection of the cardiac functions especially the diastoles is important in the treatment of septic patients.

Objective:To analyze the causal relationship between gut microbiota and gestational diabetes,and to clarify its mechanism.Methods:Two-sample Mendelian randomization(MR)analysis was conducted by using summary data from genome-wide association study(GWAS)for gut microbiota and gestational diabetes.The GWAS data of gut microbiota were obtained from a GWAS study from the MiBioGen consortium;the GWAS data on gestational diabetes were sourced from the FinnGen consortium's publicly available R8 dataset;inverse variance weighted(IVW)method was used as the primary method to detect the causal association between the gut microbiota and the gestational diabetes.Sensitivity analysis was performed by Weighted Median and MR Egger methods;heterogeneity and pleiotropy were detected by Cochran's Q,MR-PRESSO,Egger intercept tests and Leave-One-Out analysis;multivariable MR was used to adjust for the effect of body mass index(BMI);reverse MR was used to explore the presence of reverse causal associations;Gene Ontology(GO)fuctional and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)signaling enrichment analyses were used to explore the potential pathways through which gut microbiota may have impact on gestational diabetes.Results:Four gut microbes were found to be causally associated with gestational diabetes:the genus Methanobrevibacter and the phylum Euryarchaeota displayed negative causal relationships with the risk of gestational diabetes,while the genus Olsenella and genus Lachnoclostridium exhibited positive causal associations.No significant heterogeneity or horizontal pleiotropy was detected in the analysis.The reverse MR analysis did not reveal any causal relationship.After adjusting for BMI,the multivariable MR analysis results showed there were the causal associations between the genus Olsenella and the phylum Euryarchaeota with the risk of gestational diabetes.The GO fuctional and KEGG signaling pathway enrichment analyses results showed that axon development,axon production,insulin secretion and other pathways were significantly enriched.Conclusion:There are causal associations between four gut microbes and gestational diabetes.Among them,the significant correlations with gestational diabetes are still observed in phylum Euryarchaeota and genus Olsenella after adjusting for BMI.