Objective:To compare 5-year overall survival (OS) and disease free survival (DFS) between preoperative three dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) and volumetric medulated arc therapy (VMAT) concurrently combined with chemotherapy for locally advanced rectum cancer (LARC), and analyze the value of induction and/or consolidation chemotherapy in these circumstances.Methods:334 patients with LARC treated with preoperative 3DCRT (172 cases) and VMAT (162 cases) concurrently combined with chemotherapy, main protocol XELOX (capecitabine plus oxaplatin), and subsequent surgery in Sun Yat-sen University from May 2007 to April 2013 were retrospectively analyzed. The radiation prescription dose for VMAT group was 50 Gy 25 fractions for planning target volume1(PTV 1), and 46 Gy 25 fractions for PTV 2. The radiation prescription dose for 3DCRT group was 46 Gy 23 fractions for PTV 2. One hundred and eighty-five cases of all received preoperative concurrent chemoradiotherapy (namely, CCRT group), 149 cases received preoperative concurrent chemoradiotherapy plus median 2 courses (1-7 courses) induction and/or consolidation chemotherapy (namely, CCRT±induction chemotherapy±consolidation chemotherapy group), whose main chemotherapy protocol was XELOX. Difference of 5-year OS and DFS between 3DCRT and VMAT group was compared. The rate differences of acute toxicity during chemoradiotherapy, postoperative complications, ypCR, and survival between CCRT group and CCRT±induction chemotherapy±consolidation chemotherapy group were analyzed. Results:After a median follow-up of 62.3 months (2.4-119months) for the 334 patients, no any significant difference for 5-year OS (79.0% vs. 83.2%, P=0.442) and 5-year DFS (77.0% vs. 82.1%, P=0.231) between 3DCRT and VMAT group was observed. There was no any significant difference for the Grade 3 hematological toxicity (7.0% vs. 12.1%, P=0.114) and non-hematological toxicity (14.1% vs. 16.8%, P=0.491) during chemoradiotherapy, postoperative complications (17.3% vs. 17.4%, P=0.971), ypCR rate (25.4% vs. 30.2%, P=0.329), 5-year OS (80.5% vs. 82.0%, P=0.714) and 5-year DFS (78.8% vs. 81%, P=0.479) between CCRT group and CCRT±induction chemotherapy±consolidation chemotherapy group. Conclusions:Compared with 3DCRT, the physics advantage of VMAT technique does not significantly convert into clinical benefits and improve 5-year OS and DFS, even further boosting radiation dose to the gross tumor volume. It is safe for median 2 courses of induction and/or consolidation chemotherapy before and or after preoperative concurrent chemoradiotherapy in the treatment of LARC, though it does not significantly improve ypCR rate and survival.

Objective To analyze the clinical factors for pathologic complete response ( pCR) after preoperative neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy ( neo?CRT) for locally advanced rectal cancer. Methods From 2005 to 2012, 297 patients with locally advanced rectal cancer and complete clinical data were enrolled as subjects. Those patients were diagnosed with biopsy and treated with neo?CRT ( radiotherapy by 3?dimonsional conformal radiotherapy or volumetric?modulated arc therapy) followed by radical surgery. The logistic regression model was used for the multivariate analyses of the correlation of pCR with age, gender, distance between tumor and the anal verge, serum level of carcinoembryonic antigen ( CEA ) before treatment, hemoglobin level before treatment, cT staging, and cN staging. Results In all patients, 78 ( 26?7%) patients had pCR after treatment. The numbers of patients with pCR were 42( 34?4%) in patients with stage T1?T3 disease and 37(21?1%) in patients with stage T4 disease. In the patients with serum CEA levels no higher than 5?33 ng/ml, 55(36?4%) had pCR after treatment, while in the patients with serum CEA levels higher than 5?33 ng/ml, only 24( 16?4%) had pCR. The univariate analysis revealed that age, gender, distance between tumor and the anal verge, anemia before treatment, or cN staging were not related to pCR. The multivariate analysis showed that stage cT1?T3 and a serum CEA level no higher than 5?33 ng/ml before treatment were influencing factors for pCR after neo?CRT for locally advanced rectal cancer ( P=0?031,P=0?000) . Conclusions The clinical staging and the serum CEA level before treatment are influencing factors for pCR after neo?CRT for locally advanced rectal cancer. The serum CEA level before treatment can be considered as a predictor of pCR after neo?CRT for locally advanced rectal cancer.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of chemoradiotherapy alone and prognostic factors for locally advanced rectal cancer. Methods The clinical data of 47 patients with locally advanced rectal cancer who were admitted to our hospital and mostly treated with chemoradiotherapy alone from 2003 to 2010 were retrospectively analyzed. Three of the patients received radiotherapy alone. The Kaplan?Meier method was used to estimate overall survival (OS), progression?free survival (PFS), and distant metastasis?free survival ( DMFS ) rates, and the log?rank test was used for survival difference analysis and univariate prognostic analysis. The Cox regression model was used for multivariate prognostic analysis. Results In all patients, the 3?and 5?year OS rates were 53?2% and 33?2%, respectively, while the 3?and 5?year PFS rates were 37% and 31%, respectively. During the follow?up, 15 patients (32%) had local progression with PFS of 1?60 months (median PFS, 14 months);23 patients (49%) had distant metastasis with DMFS of 2?60 months ( median DMFS, 17 months) . Patients treated with high?dose radiotherapy had significantly lower 3?and 5?year local progression rates than patients treated with medium?dose radiotherapy ( 11% vs. 54%;11%vs. 57%;P=0?004). After chemoradiotherapy, 9 patients (19%) had clinical complete response (cCR), and the 3?and 5?year OS and PFS rates in those patients were all 8/9. The univariate analysis indicated that tumor distance from the anus and cCR were influencing factors for prognosis ( P= 0?026;P= 0?000 ) . However, the multivariate analysis showed that cCR was the only influencing factor for survival ( HR=12?24;95% CI, 1?64 ?91?29;P= 0?015 ) . Conclusions Chemoradiotherpay or radiotherapy alone is effective and safe in the treatment of patients with locally advanced rectal cancer who have to give up surgery or have unresectable tumors. High?dose radiotherapy may improve local control rate. Complete response to chemoradiotherapy predicts satisfactory treatment outcomes.

BACKGROUNDBrain metastasis has become one of the most important factors of the failure of treatment of locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (LANSCLC). There is no conclusion whether NSCLC patients should receive prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) or not. The aim of this study is to analyze the risk factors of brain metastasis of LANSCLC after surgery to find out the sign of PCI for LANSCLC.

METHODSA total of 223 patients with stage III NSCLC who received surgical resection were retrospectively analyzed. The risk factors of brain metastasis were determined to set up a mathematic model for brain metastasis.

RESULTSThe median survival time after surgery was 28.0 months. The 1-, 2- and 3-year survival rate was 84.3%, 56.9% and 44.8% respectively. The incidence of brain metastasis was 38.1% (85/223). Patients with extensive mediastinal lymph node metastasis, more node metastasis and non-squamous carcinoma showed significantly higher incidence of brain metastasis than those with limited mediastinal lymph node metastasis, fewer positive mediastinal lymph nodes and squamous carcinoma (P=0.000, P=0.000, P=0.013). The mathematic model of brain metastasis was: logit(P)=8.215-0.903×NPN-0.872×RT-0.714×HG-1.893×LE-0.948×HS-1.034×PC (NPN=No. of positive nodes, RT=resection type, HG=histology, LE=location and extent of mediastinal lymph node metastasis, HS=histologic stage, PC=postoperative chemotherapy). P≥0.44 meant high risk for brain metastasis.

CONCLUSIONSHigh risk factors of brain metastasis in LANSCLC patients after complete resection of the cancer include non-squamous carcinoma, extensive and more mediastinal lymph node metastasis. P≥0.44 may be considered a sign of PCI in clinical trial.

Objective To investigate the efficacy and toxicities of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (neoCRT) in the management of unresectable locally advanced adherent colon cancer (LAACC).Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical records of 40 patients with initially diagnosed unresectable LAACC who received preoperative neoCRT in our center from October 2010 to December 2015.Results Thirty-nine patients completed the preoperative neoCRT.Thirty-four patients underwent radical resection after neoCRT, and the R0 resection rate, pathological complete response rate (pCR), tumor downstaging rate, nodal downstaging rate, and clinical downstaging rate were 91%, 24%(8/34patients), 76%(26/34patients),100%(32/32patients), and 94%(32/34patients), respectively.Among the 21 patients with bladder invasion, the full bladder was preserved in 7 patients (33%) and partial cystectomy was performed in 11 patients (52%).During the course of neoCRT, the grade 3-4 hematologic toxicity rate, grade 3 hand-foot syndrome rate, grade 3 radiodermatitis, and incomplete intestinal obstruction rate were 23%, 3%, 3%, and 5%, respectively.The 3-year sample size was 25 patients.For all the patients, the 3-year overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) rates were 75% and 80%, respectively.Of the 34 patients who received surgical radical resection, the 3-year OS and disease-free survival (DFS) rates were 87% and 81%, respectively.In addition, local tumor recurrence was identified in 3 patients, and distant metastasis was identified in 6 patients.Conclusions NeoCRT is an effective treatment for unresectable LAACC that results in significant tumor downstaging and enhanced R0 resection rate without an increase in surgical complications.The patients treated with radical surgical resection after neoCRT show a satisfactory short-term outcome.Further studies will be required to determine the clinical value of neoCRT in treating LAACC.

Objective To evaluate the mid-to long-term survival benefits of preoperative sandwich-like neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT) in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC).Methods A total of 45 LARC patients who underwent neoadjuvant sandwich CRT in the form of XELOX regimen prior to,concurrently with,and following volumetric modulated arc radiotherapy (VMAT) in 2012 were enrolled in this study.VMAT was given at a gross tumor volume dose of 50 Gy in 25 fractions,and a clinical target volume dose of 45-46 Gy in 25 fractions.Total mesorectal excision was performed 6 to 8 weeks after completion of VMAT.The overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were determined by the Kaplan-Meier method,and survival comparison and univariate prognostic analysis were performed using the log-rank test.Results The median follow-up time was 46.7 months.There was no local recurrence detected among the patients.The 3-year distant metastasis (DM) rate was 18%,and the 3-year OS and DFS were 96% and 84%,respectively.Univariate analysis indicated that perineural invasion,N1-N2 pathology (pathological stage Ⅲ),and Ca-199>35 U/ml before treatment were risk factors for DM (P=0.000,0.000,and 0.013,respectively).Conclusions The significant short-term efficacy of preoperative sandwich-like neoadjuvant CRT can be extended to a positive mid-term survival in LARC patients.However,further phase Ⅲ clinical studies will be needed to confirm this finding.

Laryngopharyngeal reflux is an independent disease that affects the quality of life in children,but its pathogenesis is not clear and its diagnostic criteria is not unified.With the reports of laryngopharyngeal reflux continuing to emerge in recent years,this study aims to review the progress in pathogenesis,diagnosis and treatment of laryngopharyngeal reflux in children.

OBJECTIVESTo identify predictors of survival following pneumonectomy for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and provide evidence for the revision of patient selection criteria.

METHODS81 cases of pneumonectomy for NSCLC from January 1990 to May 1996 at our hospital were reviewed retrospectively. There were 65 men (80.2%) and 16 women (19.8%), with a mean age 53.4 +/- 9.4 years (range 20 - 68 years). Predominant histological types included squamous cell carcinoma (54.3%), adenocarcinoma (24.7%), and squamoadenocarcinoma (17.3%). After follow-up for more than 5 years, data were examined using the chi-square test, Kaplan-Meier method, and Cox-mantel test. The possible factors affecting survival were tested with univariate and multivariate analysis.

RESULTSThe 5-year survival of N(0), N(1) and N(2) disease of NSCLC following pneumonectomy was (20.8 +/- 9.9)%, (15.4 +/- 10.0)% and (4.0 +/- 2.8)%, respectively. There was no perioperative death. The operative complications morbidity was 22.2%. Factors adversely affecting survival with univariate analysis included age over 60 years for right pneumonectomy, cardiopulmonary complications, adenocarcinoma, peripheral location, tumor greatest dimension more than 10 cm, chest wall involvement and N(2) disease. Factors adversely affecting survival with multivariate analysis included cardiopulmonary complications, greatest tumor dimension more than 10 cm, chest wall involvement and N(2) disease.

CONCLUSIONSPneumonectomy provides survival benefit with a high operative complications morbidity. Old age (>/= 60 years) for right pneumonectomy, cardiopulmonary complications, adenocarcinoma, and N(2) disease may be negative prognostic factors of long-term survival. Patient selection should be based on cardiopulmonary evaluation and the stage of disease.

Adult ; Aged ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung ; mortality ; pathology ; surgery ; Female ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms ; mortality ; pathology ; surgery ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Staging ; Pneumonectomy ; Prognosis ; Retrospective Studies ; Survival Rate

Objective To investigate the feasibility of non-operative management (NOM) by comparing the therapeutic effects between NOM and total mesorectal excision (TME) for rectal cancer patients with clinical complete response (cCR) after neo-adjuvant chemoradiotherapy.Methods A total of 135 patients with stage Ⅱ/Ⅲ rectal cancer who obtained cCR after neo-adjuvant chemoradiotherapy in Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center from 2006 to 2016 were recruited and assigned into the NOM (n =43) and standard operative management (SOM) groups (n=92).The local recurrence rate,accumulative local control (LC) rate after salvage therapy,disease-free survival (DFS),overall survival (OS) and sphincter preservation rate were statistically compared between two groups.Kaplan-Meier analysis and log-rank test were utilized to calculate the LC,OS and DFS.Chi-square test was performed to calculate the sphincter preservation rate.Results The mean follow-up duration was 39 months (range:10-127 months).Of 135 patients,the local recurrence rate and distant metastasis rate were 3.7％ and 11.1％,and the 3-year DFS and OS were 90.5％ and 97.0％.In the NOM and SOM groups,the 3-year DFS were 87％ and 93％,and the 5-year DFS were 73％ and 87％(P=0.089).The 3-year OS were 98％ and 99％,and the 5-year OS were 98％ and 97％ (P=0.578).In the NOM group,the local recurrence rate was 12％ (n =5),80％ of patients received salvage treatment and the accumulative LC rate was calculated as 98％.In the SOM group,the local recurrence rate was 0,which was significantly lower than that in the NOM group (P=0.O10).In the NOM group,the sphincter preservation rate was 93％,significantly higher compared with 70％ in the SOM group (P=0.030).Conclusions It is feasible for rectal cancer patients with cCR to receive NOM following neo-adjuvant chemoradiotherapy.Partial locally recurrent patients can be healed by timely salvage therapy,thereby averting TME and relevant complications and enhancing the quality of life of rectal cancer patients.

Objective To investigate the prognostic value of American Joint Committee on Cancer-tumor regression grading ( AJCC-TRG) combined with ypTN stage in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC),who were treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy,and to identify the subgroups with the worst prognosis. Methods A total of 263 patients with LARC,including 176 males and 87 females,with a median age of 55 years,were admitted to Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center from 2004 to 2012.All the patients received neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy before surgery and underwent total mesorectal excision at 6 to 8 weeks after radiotherapy. All the surgical specimens were reevaluated according to the AJCC ( 7th edition)-TRG system and ypTN staging criteria. The prognostic prediction by TRG combined with ypTN was evaluated using survival analysis. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate the rates of overall survival ( OS ) , disease-free survival ( DFS ) , local recurrence-free survival ( LRFS ) , and distant metastasis-free survival ( DMFS ) . The log-rank test was used for survival comparison and univariate prognostic analysis. Results The median follow-up was 601 months. The 5-year rates of OS, DFS, LRFS, and DMFS for all patients were 800%,750%,970%,and 810%,respectively. There were significant differences in OS, DFS,and DMFS between different ypT/TRG subgroups and different ypN/TRG subgroups (all P<005). ypT3-4/TRG 2-3 and ypN1-2/TRG 2-3 subgroups showed the worst prognosis. The 5-year rates of OS,DFS, and DMFS of the two subgroups were 669%/560%, 522%/414%, and 609%/460%, respectively. Conclusions A combination of AJCC-TRG system and ypTN staging can better predict the prognosis of LARC and identify the subgroups with the worst prognosis, which may provide a clinical guidance for postoperative individualized decision on adjuvant therapy for LARC.