Objective To confirm the best dry technics,the colormetry of anthrone-sulfuric method was employed to determine the content of polysaccarides in fresh water mussel and three factors of temperature,dry time and tiled destiny were compared.Method Colorimetry of anthrone-sulfuric acid.Results and ConclusionThe best dry technics was: 2.5 kg/m2 tiled destiny,temperature at 90 ℃ and drying within 2 hours.The content of total amylase in polysaccharides in fresh water mussel was 21%.The method appeared to be reliable and operable for quality control.

[Abstract ] Objective To understand the infection status of hepatitis B among population of health examination in Chongqing ,and to analyze the modes of hepatitis B outcomes .Methods The 30170 cases of serological results of hepatitis B (HB‐sAg① ,HBsAb② ,HBeAg③ ,HBeAb④ and HBcAb⑤ ) among the individuals of health examination in our hospital from June to December 2013 were performed the retrospective analysis .Results The positive rate of HBsAg among the population of health ex‐amination aged 0-96 years old in Chongqing was 8 .02% (2 419/30 170) ,and the differences in the positive rates among different age groups and between different genders had statistical significance (χ2 =188 .045 ,67 .813 ,P<0 .01) .The infection rate of HBV was 28 .64% (8 641/30 170) ,and the difference in the infection rates among different age groups and between different genders also had statistical significance(χ2 =202 .347 ,36 .171 ,P<0 .01) .30 170 cases of hepatitis B detection results of 5 indexes were conclu‐ded into 14 kinds of modes .As the two common modes of healthy population ,all negative and single HBsAb positive ,their percenta‐ges were 25 .76% (7 772/30 170)and 45 .60% (13 757/30 170)respectively .As the common modes of HBV infection ,“① ④ ⑤”posi‐tive ,“① ③ ⑤” positive and“① ⑤” positive ,their percentages were 6 .18% (1 863/30 170) ,0 .59% (177/30 170) and 1 .21% (366/30 170) respectively .Conclusion The positive rate of HBsAg and the infection rate of HBV among population of health examina‐tion in Chongqing are close to or lower than the national average levels .Analyzing the different combination modes can reflect the different situation of HBV infection and has the guidance significance for the diagnosis and prognosis of the disease .

Objective To analyze the merger candida albicans pulmonary tuberculosis irfection risk factors, clinical characteristics,treatment and prognosis,ways of improving the coexistence of the two diseases in the early di-agnosis and treatment methods. Methods 86 cases with pulmonary tuberculosis combined candida albicans infection were analyzed. Results Pulmonary lung infection candida albicans no specific clinical manifestations, in addition to X-ray signs of tuberculosis,mainly for the merger under the shadow of lung flake fuzzy; prediction for risk factors: long-term use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, the multi-antibiotics, glucocorticoid or immunosuppreasanta, long-term bed rest, physical weakness, the length of hospitalization, chronic bronchitis and obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), respiratory failure, mechanical ventilation, diabetes, hypoproteinemia, blood diseases, multiple organ failure,mechanical ventilation,and other invasive operation is closely related to a higher mortality rate of pulmonary fungal infections. Conclusion Active tuberculosis disease and therapy to reduce risk factors, prevention and early diagnosis of good,reasonable use of antibiotics,hormones,and so un,the key is to improve the cure rate.

Objective To investigate the kinds of isolates and the causes of bloodsream infection.Methods A total of 4 459 blood samples were cultured by BacT/Alert 3D240. The isolates were identified by API system.Results 247 strains were isolated from 246 patients. The isolates included Gram-negative bacteria (66.0%), Gram-positive bacteria (30.4%) and fungi(3.6%). E. coli, Salmonella paratyphi A , Salmonella typhi and Staphylococcus sp. not-Staphy. aureus were the main pathogen. The causes of bloodstream infection resulted from non-surgical disease, surgical disease, and others were 82.5%, 4.1% and 13.4%, respectively. The major symptom of blood infection was fever, which was presented in 41.5% of positive blood culture cases. 77.6% of Salmonella sp. was isolated from the patients of the department of respiratory and the department of emergency. E. coli was mainly isolated from the patients of the department of nephrolgy, haemotology and surgical department. Staphycoccus sp.not-Staphy. aureus was mainly isolated from the patients of the department of respiratory and pediatrics. The positive blood culture rate in 12,24,36,48,72,96 h were 24.4%,74.0%,87.4%,93.1%,97.2%, and 99.2% respectively.The coincidence rate of positive blood culture detected under microscope and identified by API system was ~99.6%. Conclusion Automated blood culture systems were important apparatus for diagnosis of bloodstream infection.

Objective:To assay aflatoxin B1 in the oil as a pharmaceutical excipient in soft capsules by LC-MS/MS. Methods:Aflatoxin B1 was extracted from the peanut oil in soft capsules by the solvent composed of methanol and 0. 1% formic acid solution, and then centrifuged and the supernatant was purified by neutral alumina cartridges and tested after the concentration with the mobile phase consisting of methanol and 0. 1% formic acid solution with gradient elution at the flow rate of 0. 3 ml·min-1 . 25μl of the tested solu-tion was injected for the analysis at the column temperature of 30℃. Electrospray ionization ( ESI) source was applied and operated in the position ion mode. Multiple reactions monitoring ( MRM) mode was used to quantify the samples. Results:Aflatoxin B1 was in good linearity within the range of 0. 098-1. 960 μg·L-1(r=0. 999 5). The limit of detection was 0. 05 μg·L-1. The average sampling recovery was 97. 73% (n=6) with RSD of 4. 625%. Conclusion:The method is proved to be sensitive, accurate, specified and re-producible, which is referential for the assay of aflatoxin B1 in oily preparations.

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the long-term toxicity of repeated intramuscular injection of Escherichia coli O157∶H7 polysaccharide-conjugated vaccine(O157) in rats so as to provide safety evidence for clinical trials.METHODS:A total of 48 SD rats were randomly assigned to receive either 0.5 mL vaccine(containing 25 ?g polysaccharides) (immunization group,n=24) or phosphate buffered solution (PBS,control group,n=24) with the same volume for 3 times at a dose interval of two weeks.Sacrifice of 6 rats in each group were scheduled at 2 weeks after first immunization,and at 1,3,and 5 weeks after the third immunization,respectively for observation and determination of hematological and biochemical parameters,histopathology,specific antibody,myeloid tissue,the tissues in injection sites,etc.RESULTS:Compared with control group,immunization group showed no significant pathological change except the dynamic regular change of some hematological parameters induced by the immunization,and no immunologic system damage was observed.CONCLUSION:Repeated intramuscular injection with O157 vaccine in rats wouldn't cause overt toxicity and local irritation.

Objective:To study the influence of chemokine receptor blocker Met-RANTES upon endothelium adhesion and chemotaxis functions in response to T lymphocyte.Methods:In vitro,endothelium and T cell were mixed culture,which was used to observe endothelium adhesion and chemotaxis effect on T lymphocyte and expression of chemokine from endothelium,before and after using Met-RANTES.Results:When endothelium and T cell were mixed culture,endothelium expressed RANTES,MCP-1,MIP-1?,and the expression of RANTES was the largest.Met-RANTES could decrease endothelium adhesion and chemotaxis functions to T lymphocyte.Conclusion:Chemokines play an important role in endothelium adhesion and chemotaxis functions in response to T lymphocyte.Met-RANTES can decrease endothelium chemotaxis to T cell and then block endothelium firm adhesion with it.

AIM: To investigate the association of osteoprotegerin ( OPG) gene single nucleotide polymor-phisms (SNPs), 163A/G (rs3102735) and 245T/G (rs3134069), with susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in Chinese Han population .METHODS:A total of 205 patients with RA and 171 healthy control subjects were enrolled into this study.Genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction-based restriction fragment length polymorphism and subsequently confirmed by DNA sequencing .Odds ratio ( OR) and 95%confidence intervals ( CI) were calculated for the risk genotypes and alleles .RESULTS: OPG gene polymorphisms 163A/G and 245T/G were conformed to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium .The statistical differences in the genotypes of AA , AG and GG at 163A/G locus were found in RA and controls.The G allele was associated with an increased risk of RA , with OR of 1.219 (95%CI:1.066~2.339).No significant difference was observed between RA group and control group with respect to genotypic and allelic frequencies of OPG gene 245T/G (P>0.05).CONCLUSION:The OPG gene 163A/G SNP may be associated with RA susceptibility , and G allele may be the risk factor for developing RA .

Objective To investigate whether the nod-like receptor (NLR) pathway is involved in protection of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) preconditioning during renal ischemia reperfusion.Methods Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups:sham operation (Sham) group,renal ischemia/ reperfusion (I/R) group subjected to occlusion of left renal pedicle for 45 min then reperfusion for 24 hours,and sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) preconditioning group with continuous infusion of NaHS (300 nmol/min) by left renal artery for 15 min before I/R treatment.Renal injuries were evaluated by HE staining.The protein levels of NOD1,NOD2,nuclear NF-κB P65 and caspase-1 were analyzed by Western blot assay.The protein level of MCP-1 and IL-1β expressions was determined by immunohistochemical staining assay.Cell apoptosis were evaluated by Tunel staining assay.Results In I/R group,the renal NOD1 and NOD2 protein expressions were upregulated.Moreover,the nuclear NF-κB P65 expression was also elevated with an increase in its target genes-MCP-1 and IL-1β (All P ＜ 0.01).HE staining revealed the existence of acute tubular necrosis in I/R kidney.TUNEL staining revealed more apoptotic cells in risk zone with the activation of caspase-1 of I/R-treated kidney(P ＜0.01).NaHS preconditioning reversed I/R-induced increase in the expression of NOD1 and NOD2(P ＜0.05).NaHS preconditioning also reduced I/R-induced activation of NF-κB P65 (P ＜ 0.05) and upregulation of MCP-1 and IL-1β (P ＜ 0.01).Moreover,NaHS preconditioning attenuated inflammation,repressed caspase-1 activation and reduced apoptotic cells after I/R.Conclusion Hydrogen sulfide preconditioning can alleviate renal ischemia/reperfusion injury by Nod-like receptor dependent on inflammatory pathway.

Objective To evaluate effects of the daily average temperature on the daily number of outpatient visits for eczema in Lanzhou city.Methods Clinical data were obtained from outpatients with eczema in the Department of Dermatology of 2 third-grade class-A hospitals in Lanzhou city from January 1st 2007 to December 31st 2015,and meteorological data during this period were also collected.Controlling for confounding factors like long-term trends and day of the week,a distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) fitted with quasi-Poisson link function was used to assess the effects of daily average temperature on the daily number of outpatient visits for eczema,and the analysis was stratified by season,age and gender.Results The exposure-response relationship between the daily average temperature and daily number of outpatient visits for eczema could be roughly described by a W-shaped curve.Stratification analysis showed that the effect of the daily average temperature on outpatient visits for eczema was strongest in autumn and winter,followed by summer,and weakest in spring.Low temperature may have lagged,cumulative and persistent effects on the daily number of outpatient visits for eczema,with the maximum relative risk (RR) value (1.12 [95％ CI:1.03-1.22]) observed at-9 ℃ on lag day 14.With a 1 ℃decrease in the temperature,16％ (RR =1.16,95％ CI:1.00-1.03),14％ (RR =1.14,95％ CI:1.02-1.26) and 13％ (RR =1.13,95％ CI:1.02-1.25) increases in the daily number of outpatient visits for eczema were observed in men,teenagers and middle-aged adults respectively (P ＜ 0.05).However,low temperature had no significant effects on outpatient visits for eczema among women or the elderly (P ＞0.05).The effect of high temperature usually occurred following exposure without lag periods,and was gradually weakened over lag time (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions In Lanzhou,the effect of daily average temperature on outpatient visits for eczema was strongest in autumn and winter.Changes of the daily temperature may be one of risk factors for eczema.Low temperature had lagged effects on the daily number of outpatient visits for eczema,and the effects were strongest on lag day 14.