Modern information technology entered the field of education and provided basis for the shift of teaching mode.The application of PBL mode supported by Network Teaching Platform was proposed to help to develop students'capacity of autonomous learning and promote teaching quality

Objective:To introduce estimate a technique ofregulative aperture methodin locating lung block in TBI.Methods:We excavated a square aperture in the foam template which is used to fasten the lung block,and the projection formed by the field light through the aperture is used as the reference for adjusting the location of the lung block.Measure the windage of lung shades and block shades by X-ray,in 8 patients.Results:windage values of head-feet and left-right orientations are smaller inregulative aperture modethan in conventional method respectively.Conclusions:Regulative aperture methodis an easy and effective technique to improve lung shielding precision in TBI.

Objective To analyze the relationship between cystatin C(Cys C) and homocysteine(Hcy) in patients with early diabetic nephropathy.Methods48 cases of T2DM patients from June 2013 to December 2015 in our hospital for treatment were chosen as the observation group, including 30 patients with early diabetic nephropathy patients as the observation group 1, 18 cases of T2DM patients as the observation group 2, were selected in our hospital physical examination of 28 healthy persons as control group,serum Cys C and Hcy levels were measured at the same time, urinary albumin / creatinine ratio (Ualb/cr) was measured in the observation group, test results of three groups were analyzed and compared.ResultsThe serum Cys C and Hcy in the observation group were significantly higher than the control group, and Cys C and Hcy levels in observed 1 group were significantly higher than that observed in the 2 group, the difference was statistically significant in the observation group, serum Cys C and Hcy level was positively correlated with Ualb/cr.ConclusionThe relationship between Cys C and Hcy levels and early diabetic nephropathy has very important significance in the early diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy, can effectively improve the rate of diagnosis of early diabetic nephropathy patients.

10.3969/j.issn.1008-9691.2013.03.007

Objective To evaluate the therapeutic effects of stereotactic conformal radiotherapy (SCRT) on 30 cases of thalamic and brainstem tumors. Methods During the period from October 1997 to April 2002, 30 patients, 19 male and 11 female, with an age range from 13 to 68 years (an average of 37 years) suffering from thalamic and brainstem tumors, were treated in our institute. The size of the tumors ranged from 3.5 cm 3 to 73.0 cm 3 with an average of 16.5 cm 3. Eight cases were treated with SCRT after regular radiotherapy, 7 cases were treated with SCRT after surgical resection of the tumor and 15 cases were treated with SCRT only. Results The clinical symptoms of all the patients disappeared thoroughly. Their KPS was significantly improved (P

Objective To analyze the effect of cyclosporin A(CsA), rapamycin(RPM) and macophenolic acid(MPA) on the co-stimulated lymphocytes, CD28 and CD40, and their production of Th1/Th2 cytokine, IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-12. Methods The experimental groups were divided into ①mono-stimulating and co-stimulating groups: CD3 mAb mono-stimulating (group a),CD3 mAb+CD28 mAb co-stimulating (group b), CD3 mAb+CD28 mAb+CD40 L mAb co-stimulating(group c), CD3 mAb+CD28 mAb+CTLA4 mAb co-stimulating (group d). ②CsA groups: 300 ng/ml of CsA was added to group a, b, c and d. ③RPM groups: 300 ng/ml of RPM was added to group a,b, c and d. ④MPA groups:300 ng/ml of MPA was added to group a, b, c and d. The cytokine production was measured by ELISA.Results The co-stimulated CD28 and CD40 Th1/Th2 cytokines production of IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4 and IL-10 were significantly increased. Compared with group a, IFN-γ increased from (248.91±11.20)ng/ml to (555.08±24.42)ng/ml and (548.19±33.06)ng/ml, IL-2 increased from (29.48±8.61)ng/ml to (1100.82±99.29)ng/ml and (842.23±29.31)ng/ml, IL-4 increased from (32.29±6.76)ng/ml to (116.02±15.03)ng/ml and (147.28±18.07)ng/ml, IL-10 increased from (147.01±10.47)ng/ml to (291.79±12.47)ng/ml and (302.52±35.18)ng/ml,respectively, P＜0. 01. Compared group b with group c, the Th1 cytokines production was decreased.IL-2 and IL-12 decreased (P＜0.05). The Th2 cytokine IL-4 production was increased (P＜0. 05).CTLA4 mAb and three other immunosuppressants, CsA, RPM and MPA, inhibited co-stimulated lymphocyte's both cytokines Th1 and Th2 production. The inhibitory effect of CsA on Th1/Th2 cytokine production was more significant than RPM and MPA did. The co-inhibitory effect of CTLA4 mAb and CsA was observed as well. The increased co-stimulated CD28 and CD40 IL-12 production could be suppressed by MPA. CsA and RPM had no inhibitory effect on the IL-12 production.Conclusions CD28/CD40 co-stimulatory pathway plays the key role in lymphocyte activation and Th1/Th2 cytokine production. CsA, RPM and MPA can inhibit co-stimulated lymphocyte's Th1 and Th2 cytokine production. CsA and CTLA4 mAb have co-inhibitory effect on co-stimulated lymphocyte's Th1/Th2 cytokines production. CD40 L mAb decreases the Th1 cytokines production(including IL-12) and increases the Th2 (mainly IL-4) production, which may be the mechanism of its longevity effect on allograft.

Objective:To compare the dosimetric differences of the planning target volume(PTV)and the organs at risk(OAR)for postoperative patients with cervical cancer on intensity-modulated radiotherapy(IMRT)and conventional 4 fields(4F)or 2 fields(2F)radiotherapy.Methods:Six postoperative patients with cervical cancer were chosen randomly.The next steps were CT scan,PTV and OAR contouring.The treatment protocols were designed into conventional 4F,2F and IMRT by TPS.Finally,the doso distribution and DVH were compared.Results:About the conformability of PTV,IMRT showed a significantly superior dose distribution over conventional 4F(P=0.015),and conventional 4F was superior to 2F(P=0.043).IMRT as compared with conventional 4F or 2F protocols,the received dose of the 50%volume of bladder was reduced by 25.8%and 27.5%,the rectum was reduced by 12%and 14.3%,the small intestine was reduced by 36.5%and 50%.But the differences of the femoral head(left & right)and the ilium have no statistical significance.Conclusion:in postoperative radiotherapy for cervical cancer,IMRT have Inore dosimetric advantages than conventional radiotherapy.

Objective To find out the current situation of brucellosis infection and exposure status of family members of sheep farmers in the western pastoral areas of Jilin Province,and to provide a reference for control of human brucellosis spreading among family members.Methods On November 2012,Qianguo County was randomly selected using a multi-stage sampling method,and two townships,Chaganhua and Wulantala,were randomly selected in the county; half of the villages were selected from each township; all family members of the sheep farmers in these villages were investigated about their demographic characteristics (sex,age,education),high-risk behavior and information about brucellosis infection by using a questionnaire survey.Based on the principle of informed consent,respondents venous blood samples were collected.Brucellosis was confirmed with serum agglutination test (SAT).The effects of gender,age,education and other demographic data,high-risk behavior and high-risk behavior protection on the prevalence of brucellosis were studied.Results Out of the 403 copies of qualified questionnaires collected,84 people were found infected with brucellosis,and the infection rate was 20.84％ (84/403).Men infection [24.78％ (57/230)] was higher than that of women [15.61％ (27/173),x2 =5.038,P ＜ 0.05].The rates of eight kinds of high-risk behaviors were:helping feeding 86.85％ (350/403),cleaning sheepfold 80.40％ (324/403),holding lamp 71.71％ (289/403),delivering sheep 61.54％ (248/403),vaccinating sheep 53.85％ (217/403),apoblema 47.39％ (191/403),milking 22.08％ (89/403) and slaughtering sheep 14.89％ (60/403).The highest risk behavior was vaccinating sheep[24.40％(53/217)],and the lowest was milking [16.90％ (15/89)].The highest rate of basic protection was delivering a sheep [31.85％ (79/248)],the next was apoblema[27.23％ (52/191)],and the lowest was slaughtering sheep [8.33％ (5/60)].There was no statistical significant difference between brucellosis infection and the eight kinds of high-risk behaviors as well as the basic protective behaviors.Conclusions The prevalence of brucellosis infection among sheep farmers' family members is higher than others.Brucellosis infection-related contact manner is ubiquitous and the level of basic protection is low.We should carry out targeted health education on sheep farming household members to improve their level of protection,so as to reduce the risk of brucellosis infection.

Objective To study the awareness of Brucellosis prevention knowledge and prevalence of risk behaviors among the primary and secondary school students from breeding livestock’s families in Western pastoral areas of Jilin province,and to provide evidence for the prevention and control of Brucellosis.Methods With application of multi-stage random sampling method,a questionnaire survey which including Brucellosis prevention knowledge and risk behaviors was conducted among 209 primary and secondary school students in west part of Jilin province in 2012.Results 105(50.97%)students had heard Brucellosis among 206 students,the older students knew more about Brucellosis than the younger(χ2 =28.80,P=0.00).The M(Q)of the score of the Brucellosis-related knowledge was 8(6.00,9.00),the total passing rate was 28.64%.72(68.61%)students learned Brucellosis from village doctors and acquaintances,only 11(10.51%)students learned it from school;the contact rates of eight kinds of high-risk behaviors were helping feeding 21.84%(62/206),holding lamb 16.50%(58/206),cleaning sheepfold 8.73%(26/206),vaccinating sheep 5.34%(17/206),milking 2.91%(6/206);cleaning apoblema 2.91%(6/206),slaughtering 2.42%(5/206)and delivering lamb 1.94%(4/206);there was no significant difference between the passing rate and the eight kinds of the basic protective behaviors except feeding (P>0.05).Conclusion The level of Brucellosis prevention knowledge is low in Western pastoral areas of Jilin province, and there was a high-risk of contact behavior with sheep and low basic protection rate. It indicates that the education about prevention and control of Brucellosis in the students from breeding livestork’s familes should be strengthened in order to prevent Brucellosis infection.

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the malignant tumors with the highest morbidity and mortality in China, and conventional therapies such as surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy have limited curative effect on it. GC is highly heterogeneous. With the research on GC deepening into a molecular level and the rapid development of immunotherapy, individualized immunotherapy has become the most promising technology in the field of GC therapy. Several molecular classifications have been put forward in recent years, accurately as well as comprehensively depicting the genomic and molecular characteristics of GC. Moreover, molecular classifications also provided molecular immunological information of GC, which gave implications for the screening of benefit population and treatment decision-making. Based on the several existing GC molecular classifications, this review discussed the guiding significance of molecular classifications on the development and application of GC individualized immunotherapy.