The launch of Expedition 1 to the International Space Station (ISS) opened a new era in the history of human space flight, so far fourteen Expeditions had been achieved. But the astronauts were exposed to abnormal environment such as microgravity, radiation, isolation, confinement, and misalignment of circadian rhythm during space flight. In order to reduce health risks incurred by living in space, the 59 projects have been or will be studied aboard ISS. Those researches has elucidated the rate of subregional bone loss and its recovery, characteristics of atrophy and reduced contraction function in antigravity skeletal muscle, decrease in spinal cord excitability, and relationship between reduced immune function and reactivation of some viruses. The psychological and behavior changes in a prolonged isolation and confinement condition, as well as the fast circadian rhythm inducing sleep disruption has been observed. It has been found exposure to radiation not only causing cataracts and cancers, but also damaging the reproductive organs and nervous system, and inducing genetic damage. The efficacy of countermeasures of medicine, nutrition and vibration have been validated aboard the ISS. The effective countermeasures on different systems were checked further. All of those studies and observations have made a solid foundation for developing novel countermeasures which will be more effective.

Objective To study the risk factors and clinical features on acute hepatic dysfunction induced by sepsis.Methods One hundred and sixty-eight patients with sepsis were divided into 2 groups according to liver function:simple sepsis group (control group,142 cases) and acute hepatic dysfunction induced by sepsis group (observation group,26 cases).The biochemical indicators,plasma endothelin (ET)-1,sepsis-related organ failure assessment (SOFA) were compared between 2 groups.The risk factors of inducing acute hepatic dysfunction were analyzed.Results The incidence of acute hepatic dysfunction in 168 patients with sepsis was 15.5％ (26/168).The total bilirubin,direct bilirubin,creatinine,range of blood glucose variation,arterial blood lactic acid,plasma ET-1,SOFA,fatality rate in observation group were significantly higher than those in control group [(35.9 ±9.8) μμmol/L vs.(27.8 ±6.7) μmol/L,(17.7 ± 8.0) μ mol/L vs.(12.3 ± 5.9) μ mol/L,(219.6 ± 156.4) μ mol/L vs.(159.4 ± 125.3) μ mol/L,(7.6 ±4.9) mmol/L vs.(3.0 ± 1.6) mmol/L,(3.8 ± 1.3) mmol/L vs.(2.0 ± 1.2) mmol/L,(79.6 ±25.7)μg/L vs.(60.8 ± 12.6) μg/L,(8.8 ±2.6) scores vs.(5.7 ± 1.8) scores,38.5％ (10/26) vs.17.6％(25/142)],there were statistical differences (P ＜ 0.01 or ＜ 0.05).Multifactor Logistic regression analysis results showed that long-term drinking,cardiac insufficiency and hypotension were independent risk factors of acute hepatic dysfunction induced by sepsis.Conclusions The arterial blood lactic acid,plasma ET-1 and SOFA in patients with acute hepatic dysfunction induced by sepsis are higher.Long-term drinking,cardiac insufficiency and hypotension are the risk factors of acute hepatic dysfunction induced by sepsis.

Micrometastasis are frequently accompanied by the majority of cases of invasive malignant tumor, being a compacted relationship with the prognosis of patients. We should pay more attentions to the occurrence of micrometastasis in the diagnosis and management of carcinoma of urinary bladder, which is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy in urinary system and a significant cause of morbidity and mortality.This article introduces the diachronic concept of micrometastasis and the major methods for the detections of micrometastasis, moreover,it reviews recent advances about the detection of micrometastasis in bladder cancer, and about the benefits that patients of the disease might have received in the treatment of micrometastasis.

Objective:To investigate the effects of rapamycin on allograft rejecti on and immune response in mice. Methods:The heterotopic ear-hea rt grafting or sk in grafting were done in mice. The delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) response i nduced by dinitro-fluorobenzene (DNFB), the production of hemolysin of mouse sensitized by sheep red blo od cell (SRBC) and the neutral red phagocytosis of the peritoneal macrophage wer e also tested in mice. Results:RAPA significantly blocked allograft reject ion of heart and skin, markedly inhibited DTH response and decreased the production of hemolysin,but had no significant effect on the neutral red phagocytosis of the p eritoneal macrophage. Conclusion:RAPA potently blocked allograft rej ections in mi ce and suppressed cellular and humoral immune response, but had no significant e ffect on phagocytoses of macrophage.

Objective To detect the serum levels of carbohydrate antigen 125(CA125)and squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC-Ag)in patients with different gynecological diseases ,and to investigate the clinical significance of serum CA125 and SCC-Ag in the diagnosis of gynecological diseases .Methods The levels of CA125 and SCC-Ag in serum were detected by chemiluminescence method in 272 hospitalized patients of gynecological and 20 health examination women(normal control group) .Results The serum level and the positive rate of CA125 were increased in different disease groups ,which were significantly increased in endometriosis , adenomyosis ,and cervical cancer groups and were significantly different from the normal control group(P<0 .01) .The serum level and positive rate of SCC-Ag in cervical cancer group were significantly higher than normal control group(P<0 .01) .Conclusion Serum CA125 can be used as an indicator of gynecological disease screening ,and serum SCC-Ag is a specific tumor marker of cervi-cal cancer .

AIM To study the effects of RAPA on lymphocyte proliferation induced by mitogen and in mixed lymphocyte reaction(MLR), and the effects on T subpopulation and the content of IL 2,IFN ?,TNF ? in mice. METHODS Lymphocyte proliferation induced by mitogens and MLR were detected with MTT colometeric assay. T cell subsets were measured with fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACs). IL 2,IFN ? and TNF ? were detected by ELISA and biological assay. RESULTS RAPA inhibited murine lymphocyte proliferation induced by Con A, PHA or LPS, and also inhibited lymphocyte proliferation stimulated in MLR. RAPA had no significant effect on murine spleenic T lymphocyte subpopulation. RAPA inhibited ConA induced production of IL 2 of IFN ? by murine splenocytes, but had not inhibited LPS induced TNF ? production by murine peritoneal macrophage. CONCLUSION The immunosuppressive mechanism of RAPA is distinct from CsA.

Objective To investigate the effect of Hupo Xiaoshi granules on renal tissue pathological changes and IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6 in blood of nephrolith model rats. Methods Sixty SD rats were divided into normal control group 10 rats with purified water by intragastric administration(IG),and model group 50 rats with ethylene glycol, calcium and vitamin D3 by IG for 4 weeks to get kidney stones animal models. The successful model rats were randomly divided into model control group, potassium citrate solution group, Hupo Xiaoshi granules low, middle and high dose group (3. 335,6. 670,13. 340 g ? kg-1 , respectively), 10 rats per group with the corresponding drugs. Four weeks later, rat's renal tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, renal tissue changes of calcium stones and pathology were observed.Plasma concentrations of IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6 were detected by ELISA. Results Compared with the model control group, no renal interstitial hemorrhage and a few or no visible renal tissue calcium crystal deposition in the low, middle and high dose Hupo Xiaoshi granules group. In the normal control group, model control group, potassium citrate solution group, and low, middle and high dose Hupo Xiaoshi granules group,the plasma concentrations of IL-1β were respectively(50.50±13.54),(104.00±24.13),(93.00±20.08),(77.00± 25.21),(71.30 ±26.60),(65.50±26.18) pg?mL-1 ,respectively;those of IL-6 were(570.10±119.74),(1 040.00±260.15), (861.40±130.04),(740.00± 161. 31),(680. 00 ± 239. 49),(640. 00 ± 238. 42) pg?mL-1 ,respectively;and TNF-α plasma concentrations were(470.30± 154. 63),(1 010. 00 ± 230. 94),(820. 00 ± 192. 12),(830. 50 ± 110. 01),(720. 00 ± 140. 28), (715.00±173.54) pg?mL-1 ,respectively. Compared with the model control group, the plasma concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6 , TNF-α of the low, middle and high dose Hupo Xiaoshi granules group were significantly decreased (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Conclusion Hupo Xiaoshi granules can inhibit renal tissue pathological changes of nephrolith model rats, inhibit calcium crystals stones deposition in renal tissue, and reduce blood levels of inflammatory cytokines.

Acupuncture Points ; Acupuncture Therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Typhoid Fever ; diagnosis ; therapy

Objective To set up a simple method to measure the SR Ca2+ release function in skeletal muscle strips.Methods The time from peak tension to 75 % relaxation(TR75) during intermittent tetanic contraction(fatigue contraction) of isolated musculus soleus strips was analyzed.It was prolonged rapidly,and then shortened slowly.The ratio of maximal TR75 to initial TR75(R-TR75) indicated a balance between SR Ca2+ release and uptake.If the SR Ca2+-ATPase(SERCA) activity and inhibition extent of SERCA in fatigue contraction were identical,R-TR75 should be an index for SR Ca2+ release function.Results Higher stimulation voltage or 5 mmol/L caffeine perfusion which increased the SR Ca2+ release channel open probability induced an increase of R-TR75 from 2.5 in control to 3.0.On the contrary,inhibition of SR Ca2+ release with 5 mmol/L magnesium sulfate perfusion significantly decreased R-TR75.Inhibition of SR Ca2+ release by metabolites during fatigue contraction was recovered slowly.So R-TR75 at the second fatigued contraction was reduced after 5 or 10 min of recovery,but no significant difference after 60 min of recovery.During intermittent tetanic contraction R-TR75 was increased to be 2.9 times of normal in unloaded soleus.Conclusion The above results suggest that R-TR75 during muscle strip fatigue contraction without any change of SERCA activity can indirectly reflected SR Ca2+ release function.In 2-week unloaded soleus,the enhanced R-TR75 indicates an increase in SR Ca2+ release function.

Objective To analyze the positive rate of HBsAg in different population at different periods after widely using Hepatitis B Vaccine and provide strategy for Hepatitis B Control.Methods Using ELISA method to detect the HBsAg carrier in polulation under 18 years old in local area.Results After six year investigating,the HBsAg carrier rate in tested population decreased.For 0-4,4-8,8-12,12-15,15-18 age group,the carrier rate were 3.76% vs 0.30%,4.74% vs 1.39%,5.59% vs 2.52%,8.51% vs 3.03%,and 12.58% vs 2.98% in 2000 and 2006.Conclusion The reduction in carrier rate had a direct relationship with Hepatitis B Vaccine inoculation.Hepatitis B Vaccine had important effect to Hepatitis B control.We should gradually intensify Hepatitis B Vaccine inoculation.It is not only for newborn but also for adult.