Mitochondrial oxidative stress has been recognized as a preliminary and critical factor that aggravates the pathological cascade of Alzheimer's disease, which induces the production of β-amyloid protein, upregulates the expression of phosphorylated tau protein and triggers oxidative damage to lipids, proteins and mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid. Central neurons are more vulnerable to oxidative stress than non-neuronal cells due to their high oxygen demand, abundant unsaturated fatty acids and antioxidant enzymes deficiency. On this account, this review introduces the causes of mitochondrial oxidative stress, and analyzes the important role of mitochondrial oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Meanwhile, the review focuses on the design and intervention strategies of drug delivery systems targeting mitochondrial oxidative stress in neurons, aiming to provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

In this study, three methods for identification of E.coli were compared. The conventional method was employed to select and identify the suspicious E.coli isolates from a fecal sample. PCR based ARDRA analysis was then carried out to distinguish these E.coli isolates, E.coli MG1655 and other bacterial species. All the potential E.coli isolates and E.coli MG1655 had the identical ARDRA banding pattern while the other bacterial species showed the different patterns.The result indicated that the ARDRA analysis was consistent with the traditional method for identification of E.coli and could be the practical method for distinguishing E.coli from other intestinal bacterial species. The ERIC-PCR analysis provided abundant polymorphism between different E.coli isolates, and might be a powerful approach for elucidating the genetic diversity among isolates of the same species.

Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Stomach Neoplasms ; Teratoma

ObjectiveThe clinical features, bacteria distribution and antibiotic resistance proifle of blood stream infection(BSI) were investigated in the patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis for better management of such infections.MethodsThe clinical data of BSI were collected in the patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis between January, 2012 and December, 2014, and reviewed retrospectively in terms of risk factors, diagnosis and treatment, pathogen distribution and prognosis.ResultsOf the 1 071 patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis and suspected bacterial infection, 154 (14.4%) were diagnosed as BSI evidenced by blood culture. Of these patients, the leukocyte count in the peripheral blood was higher than 10×109/L in only 48 (31.2%) patients; neutrophil proportion>0.75 in 133 patients (86.4%); serum procalcitonin level>0.5 ng/mL in 74 patients (68.5%). A total of 155 bacterial strains were isolated, including 115 strains of gram-negative bacilli and 40 strains of gram-positive cocci. Most patients (68.8%) recovered and 31.2% died or discharged from hospital voluntarily. All these BSI patients had Child-Pugh grade C liver function. Some patients also had other serious systemic diseases or repeated hospitalization.ConclusionThe prevalence of BSI is high in the decompensated liver cirrhosis patients with poor prognosis. Gram-negative bacilli are the major pathogens of such septicemia. Early diagnosis and proper use of antibiotics based on antimicrobial susceptibility testing are important to improve patient outcome.

Silk fibroin is a natural polymer with certain water solubility, structural modification, good biocompatibility and biodegradability, which can be used as a drug delivery carrier material. As a promising drug delivery system, drug-loaded silk fibroin nanoparticles can control drug release, reduce toxicity and improve therapeutic effects. In this paper, the basic characteristics of silk fibroin, the preparation methods of drug-loaded silk fibroin nanoparticles and the application of silk fibroin in nanoparticulate drug delivery systems are reviewed, and on this basis, the further development of drug-loaded silk fibroin nanoparticles is prospected.

Acute Kidney Injury ; etiology ; Adult ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; HELLP Syndrome ; pathology ; Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome ; complications ; pathology ; therapy ; Humans ; Plasma Exchange ; Postpartum Period ; Pregnancy ; Purpura, Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic ; pathology ; Young Adult

Objective To investigate the effect of anti-epileptic soup on the levds of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in pentylenetetrazol-induced rats and its mechanism.Methods Healthy adult male SD rats were injected intraperitoneally with pentylenetetrazol kindling 35.0mg/kg to induce a rat epilepsy model.After successful construction of the epilepsy model,the rats were divided into four the groups:blank group,model group,anti -epileptic soup group and sodium valproate (VPA) group.All of the treatments were performed three times a day continuously for 28 days.The rats in the anti-epileptic soup group were given 6ml of anti-epileptic soup.The rats in the VPA group were given 400mg/kg of sodium valproate by garage.The rats in blank group and model group received 6ml of normal saline.After treatment,the seizures level was recorded by using the Diehl six point grading scale,and the expression of serum IL-2 and IL-6 were detected by the enzyme linked immunoassay (ELISA).Results The seizure level of the model group was (4.23 ± 0.43),while that of the anti-epileptic group was (3.47 ± 0.39),indicated that the anti-epileptic soup can reduce the seizures level.The expressions of IL-2 (4.18 ± 0.41)pg/mL and IL-6 (350.0 ± 82.5) pg/mL of the model group were higher than those of the blank group [IL-2 (3.20 ± 0.36) pg/mL,IL-6 (260.2 ± 69.0) pg/mL,P ＜ 0.01],while the expressions of IL-2 (3.48 ± 0.44) pg/mL and IL-6 (287.5 ±74.6) pg/mL of the anti-epileptic group were lower compared with the control group (P ＜0.01).No significant difference was found between the anti-epileptic group and VPA group IL-2 (3.35 ± 0.56) pg/mL and IL-6 (253.8 ± 59.8) pg/mL(P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion The anti-epileptic soup is effective for treating epilepsy in rats,the possible mechanism may be related with downregulating the expression of IL-2 and IL-6.

Objective To summarize the clinical features,diagnosis,treatment and prognosis of hepatolithiasis complicating cholangiocarcinoma. Methods From June 1958 to March 2011,709 cases of hepatolithiasis were admitted to Department of General Surgery,Peking University Third Hospital.The cases concomitant with cholangiocarcinoma were reviewed. Results 20 of 709 (2.8％ ) hepatolithiasis cases developed cholangiocarcinoma.17 cases (85％,17/20) were followed-up for 2 years (0 - 15 years).The hepatolithiasis course before the malignant diagnosis was 15 ± 1 1 years (3 -38 years).14 cases had frequent episodes of cholangitis,15 cases had liver cirrhosis.Preoperative diagnosis was established by CT,MRCP,B-ultrasound and tumor markers in 55％ (11/20) cases.4 cases underwent radical resection,7 received palliative resection,9 cases received conservative treatment.In radical resection,one lost to follow-up,one survived one year,two for 5 years.In palliative resection,2 lost to follow-up,two survived one year,one survived 3 years, one for 5 years. None in conservative group survived more than one year.Conclusions Cholangiocarcinoma developed from hepatolithiasis with a long history,frequent cholangitis,liver cirrhosis,especially in cases with imige showing thickness of bile duct or mass and rising tumor markers (CA19-9,CA125,CEA).The cases undergoing radical resection may have a favorable prognosis.

Objective To explorethe clinical features of adenosquamous carcinoma,squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder. Methods A retrospective analysis of 112 patients with gallbladder carcinoma was performed.The clinical features and outcomes of 11 patients with either adenosquamous or squamous cell carcinoma were compared with the other 101 patients of adenocarcinoma.Results The rate of tumor with T3 or T4 stage in adenosquamous/squamous cell carcinoma group and adenocarcinoma groupwere 100%and 53%(X2=7.013,P=0.008).The rate of distant metastasis in adenosquamous/squamous cell carcinoma group and edenocarcinoma at advanced stage(T3 or T4 stage)group were 0 and 35%(X2=3.900,P=0.048).The rate of lymph node invasion were 82% and 87%(X2=0.000,P=1.000).The rate of gastrointestinal tract invasion in adenosquamous/squamous cell carcinoma group and adenocarcinoma at advanced stage(T3 or T4 stage)group were 45% and 15%(X2=3.618,P=0.054).The median survival time for the two groups were 5 months and 4 months respectively(X2=0.359,P=0.549).Condusiom Adenosquamous/squamous cell carcinoma of the gallbladder had high local invasion capacity and usually were diagnosed at an advanced stage.The distant metastasis rate of adenosquamous/squamous cell carcinoma of the gallbladder was lower compared with adenocarcinoma.The lymph node invasion mte of adenosquamous/squamoua cell carcinoma was similar to adenocarcinoma.

Objective To explore the relationship between surgical procedure and prognosis of gallbladder carcinama invading the whole layer without extension beyond serosa. Methods A retrospective analysis on 24 patients with pathologic stage T2 gallbladder carcinoma invading the whole layer without extension beyond serosa was performed. Kaplan-Meier method was used to analyze the survival rate and disease-free survival rate between the patients undergoing radical resection ( n = 14) and the patients undergoing simple cholecystectomy (re = 10). Results The 1,3 and 5-year survival rates for patients undergoing radical resection were 100%、71% and 54% respectively, whereas the rates that for patients undergoing simple cholecystectomy were 70%、30% and 20% respectively. There was significant difference between the survival time of these two groups ( X2 =4. 659, P = 0. 031). The median clinical tumor-free survival time in radical resection group and simple cholecystectomy group were 45 months and 13.5 months respectively. There was significant difference between the clinical tumor-free survival time of these two groups ( X2 = 3. 854, P = 0. 049 ). Conclusions A radical resection is indicated for patients with pathologic stage T2 gallbladder carcinoma. Radical resection is an effective method to improve the survival rate for pathologic stage T2 gallbladder carcinoma.