Nucleic acid aptamer is an oligonucleotide generated by the systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX)process from oligonucleotide library.Nucleic acid aptamer can bind to various targets with high specificity and can recognize or inhibit the biological activity of targeting molecular. Glioma-specific aptamers are developed by either targeting the glioma cells or known biomarkers,which can be coupled with nanoparticles,drugs or molecular probes,and can be applied in the imaging,targeted therapy and drug delivery of glioma.

Objective To observe the effects of LPS and PMA on proliferation of human len epithelial( HLE )cells and expression of epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR) in HLE cells.Methods The expressions of EGFR protein of HLE cells from felus,adult lens age-related cataract and cultured HLE cells were detected by immunohistochemical staining.The expression of EGFR mRNA was detected by RT-PCR.The effects of LPS (0.5,1.0,2.0 mg?L-1 ) and PMA(25,50,100 nmol?L-1 )on proliferation of HLE cells were detected by MTT colorimetry method,and the EGFR mRNA expression in HLE cells was determined by RT-PCR. Results The expressions of EGFR protein and mRNA were positive in HLE cells from felus,adult lens age-related cataract and cultured HLE cells.The proliferation rates of HLE cells treated with 0.5,1.0,2.0 mg?L-1 LPS were (3.21?0.42)%,(12.25?1.34)% and (36.67?3.65)%,respectively.The proliferation rate of HLE cells in 2.0 mg?L-1 LPS group was higher than those in 0.5 and 1.0 mg?L-1 LPS groups(F=7.709,P0.05).PMA(25,50,100 nmol?L-1 )could not effect the expression of EGFR mRNA in HLE cells .Conclusion Inflammation stimulant factor such as LPS can promote the proliferation of HLE cells by increasing the expression of EGFR and result in occurrence of posterior capsular opacifition(PCO).

Aim To explore the effect of adenylate cyclase(AC) antagonists SQ22536 and agonist forskolin on acute lung injury induced by lipopolysaccharide.Methods ICR mice were randomly divided into normal saline control group(N group), model group(group L), dexamethasone group(group D),AC antagonists s(group SQ) and AC agonist group(group F).The ALI mouse model was induced by instilling intratracheally with LPS(2 mg·kg-1), and 6 h later, the lung tissue and alveolar lavage fluid(BALF) were harvested, pathological changes in lung were observed, white blood cell and neutrophil, albumin content in BALF and myeloperoxidase(MPO) activity of lung tissue homogenate were determined, and tumor necrosis factor α(TNF-α), interleukin-1β(IL-1β), interleukin 6(IL-6) and cAMP content in lung homogenates were detected by ELISA.Results Compared with normal saline group, a large number of neutrophils infiltrated around the pulmonary vessel and airway 6 h after LPS intratracheal instillation in model group.White blood cells and neutrophils and protein content increased in BALF;MPO activity and cAMP levels increased in lung tissues.In the lung tissue TNF-α and IL-6, IL-1β content increased, compared with model group.Forskolin could improve the pathological changes of lung tissue, reduce the total number of leukocytes, number of neutrophils and protein content in BALF, and reduce MPO activity and TNF-α content in lung tissue, at the same time it increased the cAMP content;SQ22536 had no significant effect when compared with model group.Conclusion AC agonists have protective effects on LPS-induced acute lung injury in mice, and the mechanism may be related to elevating cAMP levels, inhibiting neutrophil adhesion and chemotaxis and reducing inflammatory factor levels.

Objective:To compare the safety and efficacy of continuous transversus abdominis plane (CTAP) block and patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) in abdominal surgery postoperatively.Methods:PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, CNKI and other English and Chinese databases were searched since their establishment to February 2021 with "continuous/modified, transversus/transverse abdominis plane block, TAP block, patient controlled analgesia, patient-controlled analgesia, patient controlled intravenous analgesia, patient-controlled intravenous analgesia, PCA/PCIA/IV-PCA" as the search keywords. According to the analgesia treatment methods, patients were divided into continuous transversus abdominis plane block group (CTAP group) and patient-controlled intravenous analgesia group (PCIA group). Review Manager 5.4 software was used to conduct a Meta-analysis on outcome indicators such as postoperative nausea and (or) vomiting (PONV), dizziness, pain score and recovery status after abdominal surgery. Risk ratio ( RR) was calculated for counting data, Mean ± SD was calculated for measurement data. Heterogeneity was measured by I2, and related data were analyzed by using either a fixed effects model or a random effects model. Results:(1) The results of literature search: A total of 6 randomized controlled trials, including 2 published in English and 4 published in Chinese were analyzed, involving 479 patients. The results of the Meta-analysis: Compared with PCIA, CTAP block had lower incidence of PONV ( RR=0.22, 95% CI: 0.08-0.62, P<0.01), lower incidence of dizziness ( RR=0.27, 95% CI: 0.09-0.79, P=0.02), lower pain scores on movement at 24 h ( MD=-0.75, 95% CI: -1.42--0.08, P=0.03) and 48 h ( MD=-0.68, 95% CI: -1.05--0.31, P<0.001) postoperatively, and earlier time of first mobilization ( MD=-0.49, 95% CI: -0.69--0.30, P<0.001) and first exhaust ( MD=-10.47, 95% CI: -13.53--7.41, P<0.001), with statistically significant differences. However, there were no statistically significant differences in pain scores at rest at 24 h ( MD=-0.25, 95% CI: -0.57-0.08, P=0.14) and 48 h ( MD=-0.15, 95% CI: -0.39-0.09, P=0.22) postoperatively and postoperative length of hospital stay ( MD=-1.01, 95% CI: -2.28-0.26, P=0.12). Conclusion:CTAP block is a relatively safe and effective analgesic method, and it′s more consistent with the concept of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) and can be recommended as an alternative method of PCIA.

Since the proposal for pangenomic study, there have been a dozen software tools actively in use for pangenomic analysis. By the end of 2014, Panseq and the pan-genomes analysis pipeline (PGAP) ranked as the top two most popular packages according to cumulative citations of peer-reviewed scientific publications. The functions of the software packages and tools, albeit variable among them, include categorizing orthologous genes, calculating pangenomic profiles, integrating gene annotations, and constructing phylogenies. As epigenomic elements are being gradually revealed in prokaryotes, it is expected that pangenomic databases and toolkits have to be extended to handle information of detailed functional annotations for genes and non-protein-coding sequences including non-coding RNAs, insertion elements, and conserved structural elements. To develop better bioinformatic tools, user feedback and integration of novel features are both of essence.

Antibody drugs often show "heterogeneity",including the related isomers differing from one another in glycosylation,charge or molecular size.Most of these isomers come from post-translational modifications,such as aggregation,degradation,glycosylation,oxidation,deamidation or disulfide misfolding,of the recombinant protein in the "cell factories".These modifications not only influence the quality,safety and efficacy of the antibodies,but also serve as an important indication of product quality throughout the whole process of antibody production.This paper reviews the relationship between glycoslation,charge and size heterogeneities of monoclonal antibodies and drug efficacy,safety,pharmacokinetics as well as immunogenicity,contributing to a better understanding of the relationship between antibody structure and function.It will provide some support and guidance for the research and development of antibody drugs,especially biosimilars.

Objective:To explore whether there are gender differences in clinical and pathological characteristics and prognosis of young patients with rectal cancer (under 50 years old), and to analyze the risk factors affecting the prognosis of young patients with rectal cancer.Methods:The medical records of 85 young rectal cancer patients admitted to Beijing Friendship Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University from January 2015 to December 2020 were retrospectively collected. According to gender, they were divided into male group ( n=50) and female group ( n=35). The age was (43.67±5.50) years old, ranging from 26 to 50 years old. Primary outcome measures were sex, disease-free survival, and overall survival. Secondary outcomes were family history, body mass index (BMI), clinical stage, anemia, whether the female patient was menopausal, whether the female patient took oral estrogen, the location of the primary lesion, whether neoadjuvant therapy was performed, pathological stage, whether accompanied with vascular nerve invasion, and whether postoperative adjuvant therapy was performed. R4.0.2 software was used for statistical analysis. The measurement data with normal distribution in the collected data were expressed as mean±standard deviation ( ± s), and the comparison between groups was analyzed by t test. Count data were expressed as constituent ratio, and analyzed using the chi-square test or Fisher′s exact test. The survival curve was drawn by Kaplan-Meier method, and the difference in survival rate was tested by Log-rank test. Factors with statistical significance in univariate analysis were included in COX proportional regression model for multivariate analysis to screen independent risk factors affecting overall survival. Results:Compared with male patients, a higher proportion of young female patients with rectal cancer were diagnosed with anemia before surgery (42.9% vs 22.0%, P=0.040). The 1-year, 3-year and 5-year overall survival rates were 94.3%, 80.0% and 68.6% in young female patients, and 98.0%, 90.0% and 90.0% in young male patients, respectively. The median disease-free surival was 31.6 months for women and 34.4 months for men. Multivariate analysis showed that female( HR=3.799, 95% CI: 1.312-11.002, P=0.014)and BMI( HR=0.846, 95% CI: 0.724-0.989, P=0.036)were independent risk factors affecting the prognosis of young patients with rectal cancer. Conclusions:Young female patients have a worse prognosis than male patients. Female and BMI are independent risk factors for the prognosis of young rectal cancer patients, and gender should be the key research object of observation in young rectal cancer patients.

Objective:To describe the spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) features of retinal tuft.Methods:A retrospective clinical study. From May 2019 to April 2020, 22 patients (22 eyes) diagnosed as retinal tuft by clinical fundus examination in Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University at Hangzhou were included in the study. There were 9 eyes in 9 males and 13 eyes in 13 females. All patients underwent ultra-widefield laser scanning fundus photography and SD-OCT examination. SD-OCT was performed with a 55° wide-angle lens to observe the morphology, color, size and location of the lesions.Results:Twenty-six retinal tuft lesions were found in 22 eyes, all of which were solitary, gray, thylakoid and protrusion. SD-OCT images showed that all the lesions of retinal tuft showed a local protuberant appearance with moderate and hyperreflectivity, which was higher than the surrounding retina plane. In 22 lesions (84.62%, 22/26), there were one or more irregular hyporeflective cavities between the retinal neuroepithelial layers, and the other 4 lesions (15.38%,4/26) contained no hyporeflective cavities. In addition, 23 cases (88.46%, 23/26) with hyperreflective condensed cortical vitreous attached to the retina at the top of lesions, 8 cases (30.77%, 8/26) with retinal tear, and 6 cases (23.08%, 6/26) with shallow retinal detachment.Conclusions:In SD-OCT, the retinal tufts show moderate and strong local protrusion, which are higher than the surrounding retinal plane. In most of the lesions, there are multiple or single irregular weak reflex cavities, and there are hyperreflective condensed cortical vitreous attached to the retina at the top of lesions. Local retinal tears or shallow retinal detachment are present in some lesions.

Some of the recombinant protein therapeutics with short half-life requires high frequent dose or injection, which results in poor patient compliance. This challenge has prompted the development of long-acting recombinant proteins in recent years. Four strategies and methods, including chemical modification, protein engineering, fusion proteins and protein glycosylation are used to modify protein molecule and finally obtain improved pharmacokinetics (PK) properties. This article reviews the four strategies of half-life extension and presents a detailed list of long-acting therapeutics on US, EU and China markets.

Objective:To investigate the influencing of preoperative biliary drainage on surgery-related complications after pancreaticoduodenectomy.Methods:The retrospective case-control study was conducted. The clinical data of 267 patients with periampullary space-occupying lesion who were admitted to Beijing Friendship Hospital of Capital Medical University from January 2016 to July 2020 were collected. There were 166 males and 101 females, aged 61 (range, 54?84)years. Observation indicators: (1) comparison of preoperative situations in patients with and without preoperative biliary drainage; (2) comparison of intraoperative and postoperative situations in patients with and without preoperative biliary drainage; (3) methods and efficacy of preoperative biliary drainage; (4) factors influencing surgery-related complications after pancreaticoduodenec-tomy. Measurement data with normal distribution were represented as Mean± SD, and comparison between groups was conducted using the t test. Measurement data with skewed distribution were represented as M(rang) or M( Q1, Q3), and comparison between groups was conducted using the Mann-Whitney U test. Count data were described as absolute numbers or percentages, and comparison between groups was conducted using the chi-square test. Univariate analysis was conducted using the corresponding statistical methods based on data type. Multivariate analysis was conducted using the Logistic stepwise regression model. Results:(1) Comparison of preoperative situations in patients with and without preoperative biliary drainage. Of the 267 patients, there were 104 cases with preoperative biliary drainage and 163 cases without preoperative biliary drainage. Cases with malignant tumor, cases with borderline tumor, cases with chronic pancreatitis were 89, 13, 2 in patients with preoperative biliary drainage, versus 111, 41, 11 in patients without preoperative biliary drainage, showing significant differences in pathology type between them ( χ2=10.652, P<0.05). (2) Comparison of intraoperative and postoperative situations in patients with and without preoperative biliary drainage. There was no significant difference in operation time, volume of intra-operative blood loss, postoperative complications, grade B pancreatic fistula, grade C pancreatic fistula, biliary leakage, abdominal or gastrointestinal bleeding, incidence of abdominal infection, white blood cell count at postoperative day 1, white blood cell count at postoperative day 3, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio at postoperative day 1, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio at postoperative day 3, C-reactive protein-albumin ratio at postoperative day 1, C-reactive protein-albumin ratio at post-operative day 3, duration of hospital stay between the 104 patients with preoperative biliary drainage and the 163 patients without preoperative biliary drainage ( P>0.05). (3) Methods and efficacy of preoperative biliary drainage. Of the 104 patients with preoperative biliary drainage, there were 40 cases receiving endoscopic nasobiliary drainage with drainage time as (12±2)days, there were 38 cases receiving percutaneous transhepatic cholangial drainage with drainage time as (7±1)days, and there were 26 cases receiving endoscopic retrograde biliary drainage with drainage time as (19±2)days. The total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, aspartate transaminase, alanine aminotrans-ferase in 104 patients were (223±18)μmol/L, (134±11)μmol/L, (112±10)U/L, (160±16)U/L before biliary drainage and (144±13)μmol/L, (84±8)μmol/L, (79±8)U/L, (109±12)U/L after biliary drainage, showing significant differences in the above indicators ( t=3.544, 3.608, 2.523, 2.509, P<0.05). (4) Factors influencing surgery-related complications after pancreatocoduodenectomy. Results of multi-variate analysis showed that operation time was an independent factor influencing surgery-related complications after pancreaticoduodenectomy ( odds ratio=1.005, 95% confidence interval as 1.002?1.008, P<0.05). Conclusions:Preoperative biliary drainage does not increase the incidence of complications related to pancreaticoduodenectomy in patients with periampullary space-occupying lesion. Operation time is an independent factor influencing postoperative surgery-related complications.