Cerebrovascular disease is caused by the interaction of both environmental and hereditary factors.Among them,the hereditary factors mainly influerre the occrrence of cerebrovascular disease through gene polymorphisms.This article mainly reviews gene polymorphisms that influence vascular function,including ACEI,Col3A1,Col4AI,KRIT1,PDCD10,Notch3 and ANP.Meanwhile,the literatures were classified and discussed according to the standard of criterion of the evidence grades in medical literatures.Present research situation of the relation between various gene polymorphisms and cerebrovascular diseases is summarized and overviewed.

BACKGROUND: Intestinal mucosa was damaged by ischemia and hypoxia during severe burn, and injury and infection of oxygen-derived free radicals during reperfusion.OBJECTIVE: To study on the basis of sub-cell level whether danshen can improve respiratory function of mitochondrion of epithelial cell in intestinal mucosa and decrease the production of oxygen-derived free radicals so as to protect intestinal mucosa of burnt rats.DESIGN: Randomized controlled animal study with single sample.SETTING: Department of Burn, the Third Hospital of Chinese PLA.MATERIALS: The experiment was conducted at the Surgery Institute of the Third Hospital of Chinese PLA from December 2001 to February 2002.Totally 96 SD rats of clean grade were randomly divided into normal control group (n=24), burning model group (n=36) and danshen treatment group (n=36). 1 mL danshen parenteral solution had 1.5 g raw materials.METHODS: ① Rats in the burning model group and danshen treatment group were used to establish grade Ⅲ burning models with 20% scald of total body surface. ② Rats in the normal control group were not injured.③ After modeling, 1 mL/kg danshen parenteral solution was slowing injected into rats in the danshen treatment group through femoral vein, but saline was injected slowly into rats in the normal control group and burning model group. ④ Twelve rats from each of the burning mgdel group and the danshen treatment group were sacrificed at 1, 2 and 6 hours after modeling, and 8 rats in the normal control group were sacrificed at relevant time points respectively. ⑤ Samples of small intestine were collected to measure cytochrome aa3, cytochrome C, level of energy charge and activity of superoxide dismutase of mitochondrion of epithelial cells in intestinal mucosa.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Cytochrome aa3, cytochrome C, level of energy charge and activity of superoxide dismutase of mitochondrion of epithelial cells in intestinal mucosa 1, 2 and 6 hours after modeling.RESULTS: Totally 96 SD rats entered the final analysis. ① Level of cytochrome aa3 of mitochondrion of epithelial cells in intestinal mucosa at various time points after modeling: Levels of cytochrome aa3 did not changed obviously in the burning model group and danshen treatment group 2 hours after modeling as compared with that in the normal control group (P＞ 0.05). Six hours after burning, levels in the burning model group were obviously lower than those in the normal control group (P ＜ 0.05), but those in the danshen treatment group were obviously higher than those in the burning model group [(3.16±0.13), (2.5640.15) μkat/g, P ＜ 0.05]. ②Measurements of cytochrome C, level of energy charge and activity of superoxide dismutase of mitochondrion of epithelial cells in intestinal mucosa at various time points after modeling: As compared with those in the normal control group, measurements were decreased obviously in the burning model group 1, 2 and 6 hours after modeling (P ＜ 0.05 or 0.01), but those in the danshen treatment group were obviously higher than those in the burning model group (P ＜ 0.05 or 0.01).CONCLUSION: Danshen can raise the levels of cytochrome aa3, cytochrome C, energy production and SOD, and also reduce the production of oxygen-derived free radicals so as to improve respiratory function of mitochondria of epithelial cells in intestinal mucosa of rats.

BACKGROUND: Stroke in progression(SIP) accounts for 26% -43% of cerebral infarction. It is a common clinical stroke subtype. However, there are no effective treatments to stop the progress with higher mortality rate and invalid rate. More attentions have been paid for multiple risk factors of cerebrovascular diseases during precaution and treatment. But the study on relationship between infection and stroke occurrence, and the inhibited clinical event with antivirus druggery is just at the beginning.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the correlation between clinical SIP characteristics and herpes virus(HSV) infection, and provide the clues to the SIP diagnosis and treatment and early rehabilitation.DESIGN: Case-control study based on patients.SETTING: Department of neurology in a university hospital and a microbiological department in a university.PARTICIPANTS: Totally 47 patients with progressive stroke hospitalized in Department of Neurology, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University during April 2001 to March 2002[21 males, 26 females; aged from 15 to 78 years, mean age of(53.12 ± 2.45) years] . There were 43 cases of limb paralysis (92%), 7 cases of aphasia, 4 cases of consciousness disturbance, 1 case of epileptic seizure, 1 case of hemianopia, 5 cases of ataxia, and 24 cases of dizziness. The diagnosis of cerebral infarction was confirmed with CT and/or MRI. The patients clinical pregresively aggravated over more than 72 hours from the stroke onset. And it was not able to stop the aggravation of the situation with conventional treatment. The patients with embolism and reversible ischemic neurological deficit(RIND), cerebral hemorrhage, hemorrhagic infarct were excluded; Patients with other severe diseases such as coronary heart disease, cardiac atrium fibrillation, severe diabetes, hypertension, and the history of illness more than 5 years were excluded. Totally 193 patients were selected as control group with non-cerebrovascular disease, included headache, insomnia, neck and shoulder pain[ 100 males, 93 females, aged from 26 to 60 years,mean age of(42.23 ±9.29)].of the Fourth Scholarship Meeting of Cerebrovascular Diseases in China in tected by MRI, 44 cases detected by magnetic resonance angiography(MRA), 4cases detected by digital subtraction angiography (DSA), and 8 cases detected levels of IgM of human cytomegalovirus(HCMV) and herpes virus(HSV) in serum of 47 patients with progressive stroke and 193 patients without cerebrovascular disease were detected by dot immunogold labeling staining (IGLS); Stromatin PP65 antigen of HCMV in marrow cell were detecting by of the situation with the conventional treatment. PFA 250 mL(3.0 g) was given once a day from 14 to 21 days and dexamethasone 5 - 10 mga day for 3 to 7 days.after treatment with antivirus druggery.dot low-density plaques in cortex or subcortex of cerebral lobes, were found in were found positive in 91% of the patients and the level of IgM in patients PFA was effective.of cerebral lobes, and stenosis or occlusion in cerebral arteries or major infection and progressive stroke.

Objective To investigate the characteristic of sequences of WLAX gene in Campylobacter jejuni(C.jejuni)strains.Methods WLAX gene and the neighbouring sequences were amplified by polymerase chain reaction(PCR).The PCR products were cloned into the vectors of plasmid.The positive recombinants were sequenced and the results were processed by software DNAstar.Results The variation frequency of WLAX sequences in GBS-related C.jejuni was higher than that in non-GBSrelated C.jejuni.The nucleotide sequences of WLAX gene in all the strains in the present study differed from that in genome sequencing strain NCTC11168.The phylogenic tree reflected the regional feature of C.jejuni.Conclusions The probability of sequence variation of WLAX in GBS-related C.jejuni is significantly higher than non-GBS-associated C.jejuni strains,the relation between the variation and GBS-pathogenesis remains to be further confirmed.

The combined use of chemometrics and chemiluminescence (CL) measurements,with the aid of the stoppedflow mixing technique,developed a simple time-resolved CL method for the simultaneous determination of captopril (CPL) and hydrochlorothiazide (HCT).The stopped-flow technique in a continuous-flow system was employed in this work in order to emphasize the kinetic differences between the two analytes in cerium (Ⅳ)-rhodamine 6G CL system.After the flow was stopped,an initial rise of CL signal was observed for HCT standards,while a direct decay of CL signal was obtained for CPL standards.The mixed CL signal was monitored and recorded on the whole process of continuousflow/stopped-flow,and the obtained data were processed by the chemometric approach of artificial neural network.The relative prediction error (RPE) of CPL and HCT was 5.9％ and 8.7％,respectively.The recoveries of CPL and HCT in tablets were found to fall in the range between 95％ and 106％.The proposed method was successfully applied to the simultaneous determination of CPL and HCT in a compound pharmaceutical formulation.

Objective To compare and analyze the index variation of Yang deficiency mice induced by hydrocortisone in different way of administration and dose. Methods The mice model of Yang deficiency were induced by low dose and high dose hydrocortisone(12.5 mg/kg, 25 mg/kg) in two ways of intramuscular and intraperitoneal injection. The symptoms, body weight, the average intake, the index of stress and the coefficient of sex organs and immune organs of animals were observed. Results In the way of intraperitoneal injection, the weight(24.52±3.29)g, body temperature(35.24±0.32)℃ of high dose of model group were significantly lower than that of control group(31.10±6.11)g,(37.02±0.64)℃. The average intake of low dose group(4.30 ± 0.29)g/(per?d) was lower than control group(7.38±0.53)g/(per?d), and the coefficient of preputial glands(0.10±0.02), penis(0.15±0.03), thymus(0.12±0.03)were lower than that of control group. In the way of intramuscular injection, the average intake of high dose group(5.92±2.01)g/(per?d) was lower than control group(8.60±1.33)g/(per?d). The body temperature(34.90±0.22)℃ and the time of swimming in low temperature (34.00±22.41)s of low dose model group were lower than that of control group(36.43±0.91)℃, (67.17±21.93)s, and the coefficient of thymus of two model groups(0.10±0.02),(0.11±0.06)were lower than that of control group. Conclusion Various dose and model establishment methods of Yang deficiency mice have different the time of symptom appearing, the degree of symptom and sensitive index.

Objective To explore the effect of schisanhenol on adipokine expression in 3T3-L1 adipocyte and its related mechanism. Methods 3T3-L1 adipocyte was cultured in vitro and induced to differentiation and maturity. Glucokinase was added to culture medium to make an oxidative model. The expression of adipocytokines were detected under the circumstance of different doses and at different time points of schisanhenol. Results The expression of adiponectin, leptin, resistin and visfatin were decreased with the increase of glucokinase concentration. Concentration-dependent inhibition effect was most obvious in leptin (25 mU/ml Glucokinase vs Blank group, t =7.29, P＜0.01). With pretreatment of oxidative stress, the adipocytokines increased as the doses of schisanhenol increased (t=6.31,P＜0.01 in adiponectin;t=5.92, P＜0.01 in leptin; t=3.77, P＜0.05 in resistin; t=3.63,P＜0.05 in visfatin). With the extension of schisanhenol effect, the expression of four adipokines showed the process of first decrease-then increase'. The effects of schisanhenol on adipokines were parallel with the alteration of oxidative stress. Conclusions Schisanhenol increased adipocytokines expression in 3T3-L1 adipocyte by reducing oxidative stress, and the increase of leptin and adiponectin were most obvious, which indicated that schisanhenol could play a role in the treatment of diabetes by Chinese herb wuweizi.

Objective To investigate the relationship between the C825T polymorphism of G protein β3 subunit (GNB3) and essential hypertension and cerebral infarction patients with a history of hypertension. Methods The C825T polymorphism of GNB3 was determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism in 110 healthy subjects aged over 40 years, 92 patients with essential hypertension, and 80 cerebral infarction patients with a history of hypertension. Sex, age, family histories of diabetics, smoking and alcoholic consumption were documented, and body mass index, waist-hip ratio, total cholesterol (TC),triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and fasting blood glucose concentration were measured. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to screen the factors associated with the occurrence of cerebral infarction in patients with hypertension.Results The distribution of the C825T polymorphism of GNB3 in the 3 groups all met the Hardy-Weinberg Law of genetic equilibrium. The genotype frequencies of CC, CT and TT in cerebral infarction patients with a history of hypertension were 33％, 57％, and 20％, respectively; those in patients with essential hypertension were 33％, 42％, and 25％ ; respectively;and those in the control group were 26％, 54％, and 20％, respectively. There were no significant differences (x2 =4. 030, P =0. 402). The allele frequencies of 825T in the 3 groups were 39％, 40％, and 47％, respectively. There were no significant differences (x2 =0. 832). A multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that TC (odds ratio [ OR] 10. 810, 95％ confidence interval [ CI] 2. 64544. 136, P =0. 000), TG (OR 5. 453, 95％ CI 1.662-17. 881, P =0. 005),HDL-C (OR, 0. 181, 95％ CI 0. 041-0. 795, P = 0. 027), blood glucose (OR 2. 386, 95％ CI1.062-5. 363, P =0. 035), and diabetes (OR 7. 156, 95％ CI 1.271-40. 291, P =0. 026) were the independent risk factors for cerebral infarction, and the GNB3 genotype and allele did not enter the model. Conclusions The C825T polymorphism of GNB3 may not be associated with cerebral infarction and essential hypertension.

Objective: To systematically review the association between apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene polymorphism and cerebral infarction in Chinese Han population. Methods: The pertinent literature of the gene polymorphism and the case control studies of cerebral infarction in Chinese Han population were researched comprehensively by combined application of 5 effective retrieval approaches. The odds ratio (OR) of the genotype distribution in cerebral infarction group and control group were calculated. Results: A total of 1986 patients with cerebral infarction and controls were included in the meta-analysis. After the data were pooled, the OR values of ApoE ε2/ε3, ApoE ε3/ε3, ApoE ε2/ε4, ApoE ε3/ε4, and ApoE ε4/ε4 were 0. 59 (95% CI, 0.44-0. 79), 0. 52 (95% CI, 0. 40-0.69), 2.00 (95% CI, 1.22-3.28), 2.77 (95% CI, 1.60-4.81 ), and 4. 66 (95% CI, 1.61-13.48), respectively. Conclusions: ApoE ε2/ε4, ApoE ε3/ε4 and ApoE ε4/ε4 genotypes are the risk factors of cerebral infarction. ApoE ε2/ε3 and ApoE ε3/ε3 genotypes are the protective factors of cerebral infarction.

To investigate the risk factors for intracerebral hemorrhage in general population.Methods:The related research was searched through English Medical Current Contents (EMCC),China Hospital Knowledge Database (CHKD),MEDLINE,and Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (CBM).The search terms were intracerebral hemorrhage,factor,and case-control study or cohort study.Results:There were 8 literatures with original data were in accordance with the inclusion criteria.All the data could not be combined because there were some differences in counting and metrology in the risk factors included in all the studies.Hypertension,family history of cerebrovascular disease,high salt diet,alcohol consumption,diabetes mellitus,high diastolic pressure,high systolic pressure,smoking,snoring disease,and increased weighted mean difference of body mass index (BMI) (95% confidence interval) were 5.71 (4.00-6.79),3.54 (2.44-5.14),2.58 (1.94-3.43),2.80 (2.29-3.43),2.78 (1.83-4.23,1.90 (1.35-2.70),17.76 (16.60-18.92),30.43 (28.61-32.25),5.42 (5.15-5.70),1.90 (1.34-2.69),6.88 (4.61-10.26,and 5.42 (5.15-5.70),respectively.There were significant differences between the patient groups and control groups among the above indexes (all P<0.000 01).Conclusions:The risk factors for intracerebral hemorrhage include hypertension,family history of cerebrovascular disease,high salt diet,smoking,alcohol consumption,snoring disease,diabetes mellitus,overweight,high diastolic blood pressure,high systolic blood pressure and increased BMI.