Since Epstein Barr virus was shown to encode microRNAs(miRNAs) in 2004, more than 470 miRNAs have been discovered in α-, β-, and γ-herpesviruses. MiRNAs are small non-coding RNA molecules and generally only have 18-25 nucleotides in length, which can regulate the expression of target genes by targeting its transcripts. Herpesvirus-encoded miRNAs not only target the key genes from latency to lytic replication, but also regulate various host cellular genes. Current data manifest that herpesvirus-encoded miRNAs can regulate viral latent infection and lytic replication, immune recognition, apoptosis, and tumorigenesis. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the targets and their fuction of hepesvirus-encoded miRNAs, in order to provide theoretical support for further analysis herpesviral pathogenesis.
Animals ; Herpesviridae ; genetics ; metabolism ; Herpesviridae Infections ; virology ; Humans ; MicroRNAs ; genetics ; metabolism ; RNA, Viral ; genetics ; metabolism

Scientific research process evaluation is important for scientific research management in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) universities. We suggested the classification and refinement of the assessment form and the modifications of the evaluation index system, which could help improve the research process evaluation index for the TCM universities. Examples are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the improved system. This provides reference for TCM universities to carry out the research process evaluation.

Object To study the degree of deacetylation of chitosan and its residual amount left over in the clarified products when chitosan was used as a clarificant. Methods The free amino group in the deacetylated chitosan was determined by linear titration. Results The degree of deacetylation of chitosan was found to be about 80%. The residual amounts left over in the clarified products were lower than 10 -4 . Conclusion The results suggested that it is feasible to use chitosan as a clarificant for refining water extract of TCM.

Objective:To establish an evaluation index system for training effect of order-oriented clinical medical students in Xinjiang by employers, so as to lay a foundation for training effect evaluation.Methods:On the basis of questionnaires and interviews with the training requirements of employers, Delphi method was used to determine the index system and weight.Results:The training requirements of employing units for the ability of free and directional medical students in autonomous regions were in turn competent for work, knowledge and practical ability, and good moral quality. The cultivation requirements for students' personal qualities of free and directional medical students were good interpersonal communication and moral quality. After three rounds of Delphi expert consultation, the evaluation index system was established, and three dimensions (knowledge, professional ability, professional ethics literacy), nine secondary indicators and 33 tertiary indicators were screened out, and the weights were determined.Conclusion:The evaluation index of training effect of directional clinical medical students established by Delphi expert consultation method needs further validation. Through the follow-up empirical application in directional clinical students, the evaluation index system can be constantly improved, which can also provide reference for the establishment of evaluation index system for other positions.

Objective: To study the effects of clarificant chitosan on contents of zinc,manganese,calcium and heavy metal lead in the water extraction liquid of chinese herbal medicines. Methods: The contents of these elements were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.Results: The results indicated that the chitosan clarification could raise the transfer rate of some inorganic elements such as zinc,manganese and calcium as compared with water extraction and alcohol precipitation method,And it could also reduce the amount of heavy metal lead.Conclusion: chitosan as a clarificant is promising in the field of refining water extraction liquid of chinese herbal medicines.

The evaluation of scientific research institutions in the univemity of TcM is beneficial to assess the construction and development of them in the university of TCM accurately and alSO to reform further the management system of the institutions in the university of TCM.The evaluation of scientific research institutions in the university of TCM was preliminarily studied in four aspects:1.Establishing a correct assessment guidance 2.Adhering to the principle of classification assessment 3.Analysing the evaluation indicators 4.Statisticsing evaluation results.

Objective To establish and validate a modified rat thromboembolic stroke model.Methods After taking femoral arterial blood and mixing it with thrombin,they were injected into PE-50 catheter for preparing in vitro thrombosis in 60 Sprague-Dawley rats.A thromboembolic cerebral ischemia model induced by catheterization of the right external carotid artery and the small blood clot emboli were injected into the internal carotid arteries.Thirty rats were randomly divided into a large number of emboli group (n =10 with 12 emboli),a median number of emboli group (n =10 with 10 emboli) and a small number of emboli group (n =10 with 8 emboli).Two hours after embolus injection,the neurological deficit score was performed and the success rate of the model was compared in all groups.Twenty-four hours after embolus injection,the rats were sacrificed and the brains were removed for 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining.The hemorrhage,infarct volume,bleeding incidence and mortality after cerebral infarction were evaluated.The high success rates of the modeling in the emboli groups were selected and they were randomly divided into either a normal saline group (n =12) or a recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rtPA) group (n =12).The rats were given normal saline and rtPA at 3 hours after embolus injection.Before embolus injection and 2,6,12 and 24 hours after embolus injection,the neurological scores were performed respectively; 24 hours after embolus injection,the rats were sacrificed and the brains were removed for 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining.The hemorrhage rate,infarction size,degree of cerebral edema,and blood-brain barrier permeability were evaluated.Results Only 40％ of rats had neurological deficits in the small number of emboli group,and the infarct volume was only 10.54 ± 2.82％.The success rates in the median and large number of emboli groups were 80％ and 100％ respectively.They were all significantly higher than those in the small number of emboli group (P =0.011 ).The infarct volume was also significantly greater than that in the small number of emboli group (F =40.897,P =0.000).After administration of rtPA,the mean survival time of the rats in the large number of emboli group was less than 24 hours,so the median number of emboli group was selected to study the thrombolytic effect of rtPA.The infarct volume and neurological function score in the rtPA group were improved significantly compared to the normal saline group (t =7.728,P =0.000),while there were no significant differences in the hemorrhage rate,degree of brain edema and blood-brain barrier permeability between the 2 groups.Conclusions The stability and reproducibility were good in the modified thromboembolic cerebral ischemia model injected with 10 emboli,the neurological function was improved significantly after thrombolysis,and it was applicable to the experimental study of pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia and thrombolytic therapy.

Objective To establish a high purity primary culture methods of human nasal epithelial cells (HNEC) in vitro and to provide a successful primary culture model for evaluation experiments of the nasal preparation .Methods Primary culture of human nasal epithelial cells were performed with enzymatic dissociation of isolated tissue and cultured in serum-free medium .HNEC were separated through magnetic field by immunomagnetic beads .We determined the purity of the separated cells by light microscopy and flow cytometry .The morphology of HNEC was observed with a scanning electron microscope .Results Under an inverted phase microscope ,the cells morphology was paving stone shaped .Under the scanning electron microscopy ,abundant microvilli and cilia differentiation were observed .Flow cytometry showed the epithelial cells accounted for 99% .Conclusion The highly purified HNEC can be directly isolated by the magnetic cell sorting system .The cell model can be used for the basic research of nasal cavity preparation .

It is very important to establish and execute the all -sided experimental animal quality monitoring in order to guarantee human health , animal health and welfare as well as the authenticity , validity, and repeatability of the experimental research results.Setting corresponding sentinel animals in the experiment can effectively monitor the quality of experimental animals.This article gives a general review of the selection of sentinel rats in the microbiological quality monitoring of the experiment animals , contact form and time between the sentinel rats and the rats being monitored , the placement of sentinel rats, and the number of rat cages being monitored by each cage of sentinel rats , as well as the test quantity, test frequency and the project.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the dynamic trends of activities of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2/9 and protein expressions of their inhibitors-tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1/2 during the progression of pulmonary fibrosis in rats so as to get insight of the roles played by MMP-2/9 in lung injury and fibrogenesis. METHODS: Forty-eight SD rats were randomly divided into normal control group (n=18) and bleomycin (BLM)-treated group (n=30). The pulmonary fibrosis was induced by intratracheal injection of BLM once. At the consecutive time of 1 day, 3 days, 1 week, 2, 3, and 4 weeks after intoxication, the lung-to-body weight ratio was calculated and the inflammation and collagen deposition in lung tissue were checked by HE and Masson stainings respectively. Meanwhile, the content of hypdroxyproline (Hyp) in lung tissue was assayed with Jamall's method, the protein expressions of MMP-2/9, TIMP-1/2 were examined by Western blotting, and the activities of MMP-2/9 were detected by gelatin zymography. RESULTS: The histopathological changes in lung tissue in the BLM-treated group from 1 day to 2 weeks after intoxication presented local lesions, broadened alveolar wall and septum, infiltration with lots of inflammatory cells and few of fibroblasts inside alveolar space and septum. At this early stage in the BLM-treated group, the lung-to-body weight ratio was increased significantly, the protein expressions and activities of MMP-2/9 were obviously increased especially for activity of active MMP-2, and the protein expressions of TIMP-1/2 were also increased gradually, as compared with those in the normal control group. From 3 to 4 weeks after intoxication in the BLM-treated group, the alveolar structure was damaged, parts of the alveolar space collapsed and replaced by collagens and fibroblasts, and the alveolar wall and septum obviously widened with remarkable fibrotic characteristics, as compared with those in the normal control group. Meanwhile, the lung-to-body weight ratio and the activities of MMP-2/9 were decreased in the BLM-treated group as compared with those in the same group at 2 weeks after intoxication, but the content of Hyp and the protein expressions of TIMP-1/2 were both increased dramatically, especially at 4 weeks after intoxication. CONCLUSIONS: During the lung fibrogenesis induced by BLM in rats, the alveolar inflammation is the most important alteration with enhanced MMP-2/9 activities in the early stage. While in the late stage, the main change is displayed as pulmonary fibrosis, characterized by increased TIMP-1/2 and declined MMP-2/9 activities.