Objective To investigate the effect of minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy(MPCNL) in the management of renal or ureteral calculi.Methods MPCNL was performed in 52 patients with renal or ureteral calculi under the localization of C-arm fluoroscopy and/or B-ultrasonography.Results Among the 52 patients,a conversion to open surgery was needed in 1 patient because of perforation of the renal pelvis.The stones were completely extracted on one session in 33 patients,and by a re-operation of MPCNL through the fistulization tube 1 week later in 15 patients.The total stone-free rate was 92.3%.The operation time was 1.5~4 h(mean, 2.5 h).No blood transfusion was needed.Conclusions Minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy is a safe and effective procedure,especially suitable for basic hospitals.

Objective To explore the way to reduce the absorption of irrigating fluid during PCNL. Methods The amount of absorbed fluid during PCNL in 20 cases (13 males and 7 females)was monitored by ethanol method. The average age was 40 years old. The maximum diameter of calculi by average was 25 mm. Heart rate and mean arterial pressure were monitored during operation.Haemoglobin concentration, serum Na+, K+, Cl-, carbon dioxide-combining power and serum creatinine were measured before and after operation. The amount of irrigating fluid, the duration of operation, and the intrapelvic pressure were recorded. Results The absorbed volume of irrigating fluid in 20 cases was from 50. 2 to 685.0 ml. There was no significant difference in heart rate, mean arterial pressure, serum Na+ , K+ , Cl- and serum creatinine between pre-operation and post-operation(P>0.05), but the postoperative haemoglobin concentration (130.4±16.3 g/L) and carbon dioxide-combining power (24.1±3.2 mmol/L) were lower than that before operation( 142.6±15.6 g/L,26.4±2.0 mmol/L), the differences were significant (P<0. 05). The mean volume of absorbed irrigating fluid in patients with the cumutative time of the intrapelvic pressure higher than 30 mm Hg >10 min,the duration of operation >1 h, or the amount of irrigating fluid >10000 ml was 381. 1, 301.6,261.6 ml respectively, which was higher than that in the other cases (142.9, 136.4, 130.2 mi), the differences were significant (P<0.05). Conclusions The ethanol method is simple, convinent,safe, valid, and is suitable for patients with compromised cardiorespiratory or renal function, who are more likely to develop volume overload because of fluid absorption.

BACKGROUND: Benign prostatic hyperplasia is a common disease of older males. Although the etiology remains unclear, the factors of life style and habits may have an effect on the disease.OBJECTIVE:To examine the association of cigarette smoking and body mass index with the risk of clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia.DESIGN: A hospital-based case-control study SETTINGS:Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, Public Health School,Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Department of Preventive Medicine, Liaoning Medical College.PARTICIPANTS：Totally 343 males with benign prostatic hyperplasia of 50-82 years old (patient group),who were surgically treated between May 2004 and May 2006,were selected from the Department of Urinary Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital and Third Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical College (former Jinzhou Railway Central Hospital),Jinzhou Central Hospital and Jinzhou Second People's Hospital．Inclusive criteria：① males above 50 years old；intemational prostatic symptom score(IPSS)＞7；②Digital recta examination (DRE) after miction indicated prostate grade Ⅰ(transverse diameter＞3 cm); ③prostatic volume≥30 g;④maximum unnary flow rate＜15 mL／s；Meanwhile，361 inpatients with diseases irrelative to the risk factors of benign prostatic hyperplasia,prostatic cancer and prostatitis were selected trom the above hospitals as the control group,they were 50-82 years of age with an average of 65 years old．Informed contents were obtained from all the enrolled subjects．METHODS：All the patients and controls were interviewed using an anonymous questionnaire．All participants were asked to report whether they had smoked 20 packs of cigarettes or more in their lifetimes and,if yes,they were smokers,on the contrary they were non-smokers．Based on usual number of cigarettes reported in the questionnaire, men were categorized as 1-10，11-20，21-30 and ＞30 cigarettes per day．Based on duration of smoking,the participants were funher classified as never smoke，1-19,20-29 and ≥30 years．Body mass index(BMI)was assessed from measured body mass and body height，and che standards of BMI in adults in China was 18．5-23．9 for normal,24．0-27．9 for overweight and ≥28．0 for obesity)，then the participants were further classified as BMI＜18．4，18．5-23．9,24．0-27．9 and ≥28．0 subgroups respectively．Years of education(＜7,7-11,and≥12) and occupation(worker,peasant, Intellectual and others) were also investigated．The results of the investigation were input into computer to establish database，the odds ratios (OR) and the 95％ confidence interval(CI)in relation to the various measures were estimated using unconditional multiple logistic regression models, including number of cigarettes smoked per day，BMI,years smoked，years of education,occupation．MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES：Relationships of number of cigarettes smoked per day,years smoked．BMI,years of education and occupation with benign prostatic hyperplasia．RESULTS：Totally 343 cases in the patient group and 361 cases in the control group were involved in the analysis of results．①Patients smoked≥30 cigarettes per day had an elevated risk of benign prostatic hypertrophy as compared with the non-smokers(OR=1．32，95％ CI:0．92-2．58，P＜0．01)．②The risks of benign prostatic hypertrophy in overweight and obesity were significantly increased as compared with non-smokers(OR=1.68,95％ CI: 1．32-3．67；OR=2．35，95％CI:1．83-4．16)，③Manual worker (peasant) was negatively correlated with the risk of benign prostatic hyperplasia (χ2=6．62，P＜0．01)．CONCLUSION:Smoking 30 cigarettes per day was positively related to benign prostatic hyperplasia.For male who were both overweight(BMI 24.0-27.9)and obesity(BMI≥28.0)，smoking was significantly associated the increased risk of surgically treated benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Objective To evaluate the neuroprotective benefits of histone deacetylases (HDAC)inhibitor MS-275 in rats with moderate traumatic brain injury (TBI).Methods Sixty-eight adult male SD rats were assigned to sham injury + placebo treatment (control group),TBI + placebo treatment (injury group),TBI + MS-275 (15 mg/kg) treatment (treatment group Ⅰ) and TBI + MS-275 (45 mg/kg)treatment (treatment group Ⅱ) according to the random number table.An experimental model of moderate TBI in the rat was induced using a lateral fluid percussion device.MS-275 was dissolved in DMSO and administered (15 and 45 mg/kg) intraperitoneally in seven consecutive days(once a day).The first administration was done in 30 minutes postinjury.Alteration in body weight of rats in each group was recorded after injury.Spatial learning and memory retention in rats was assessed using the Morris Water Maze in days 10-14 after TBI.Brain tissues were sectioned to measure acetyl-histone H3 and neuronal survivals in the hippocampus CA2-3 region using immunohistochemistry and cresyl-violet staining techniques.Results TBI rats showed significant body weight loss in 3 days postinjury as compared with the controls (P ＜0.05) and then gradually gained the body weight in 4-5 days postinjury.No significant difference in actual body weight loss after injury was found among injury group and treatment groups (F =0.149,P ＞0.05).Behavioral result revealed that the animals in treatment groups had significant improvement in cognitive performance as compared with injury group (P ＜ 0.01).Immunohistochemical results presented a markedly increased level of acetyl-histone H3 in both treatment groups,with no significant difference as compared with control group and a trend of increase in the survived neurons in the CA2-3 hippocampus in 14 days postinjury (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions MS-275 achieves visible improvement of acetyl-histone H3 level and cognitive performance in the acute phase of TBI.Simultaneously,this treatment has an ameliorative effect on pathological changes associated with TBI as well and provides a neuroprotective effect against TBI.

Objective:To study the influence of G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1) specific agonist G1 and antagonist G2 in epilepsy susceptibility of temporal lobe epileptic rats.Methods:Sixty rats were randomly divided into control group, G1 treatment group and G15 treatment group ( n=20). Rats in the latter two groups were intraperitoneally injected with GPER1 agonist G1 (10 μg) or antagonist G15 (40 μg) for a consecutive 12 d. Lithium chloride pilocarpine epilepsy models were prepared in the 3 groups. The behavior manifestations of these rats were observed within 1 h of intraperitoneal injection of pilocarpine; Racine grading was used to evaluate the severity of epileptic seizures every 5 min; the latency of epileptic seizures (Racine grading IV) and epileptic seizure grading at different time points in the 3 groups were compared. The EEG monitoring was performed to these rats, and EEG data were recorded from 10 min before pilocarpine injection to 2 h after pilocarpine injection; EEG time-frequency was analyzed by Fast-Fourier transform (FFT); distribution of brain electrical energy and changes of θ and α wave energy during 20 min of epileptic status were compared among the 3 groups. Results:(1) As compared with that in the control group and G1 treatment group, the latency of epileptic seizures in the G15 treatment group was significantly shortened ( P<0.05); 15 and 20 min after pilocarpine injection, the epileptic seizure grading of rats in G1 treatment group was statistically lower than that in control group ( P<0.05); 15-35 min after pilocarpine injection, the epileptic seizure grading of rats in G15 treatment group was significantly higher than that in control group ( P<0.05). (2) As compared with those in the control group, rats in the G1 treatment group had smaller brain wave amplitude, while the rats in the G15 treatment group had earlier seizure time, larger brain wave amplitude and higher frequency. There were no obvious changes in the amount of brain electrical energy between the G1 treatment group and control group; while the amount of brain electrical energy in the G15 treatment group 2 h after pilocarpine injection was higher than that in the control group. As compared with those in the control group and G1 treatment group, the θ and α wave energy values of rats in the G15 treatment group were significantly increased within 20 min of epileptic status ( P<0.05). Conclusion:Activation level of GPER1 might be associated with susceptibility to epileptic seizures, and specific inhibition of GPER1 activation can enhance the susceptibility to epilepsy and increase the energy values of specific frequency bands during epilepsy.