OBJECTIVE:To explore the reasons for leg length discrepancy following total hip arthroplasty,and to summarize the prevention and treatment of leg length discrepancy after total hip arthroplasty.DATA SOURCES:A computer-based online search was conducted in PubMed (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed) for the English articles published between 2001 and 2008 with keywords "Leg length discrepancy,hip arthroplasty" and Wanfang database (http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn) for the Chinese articles published between 2004 and 2009.DATA SELECTION:Totally 154 literatures were retrieved by computer,including 116 English articles and 38 Chinese articles,through reading title and abstract,112 independent and 51 repeated papers were excluded.The remained 29 literatures were performed further analysis.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Reasons for leg length discrepancy and the prevention and treatment of leg length discrepancy following total hip arthroplasty.RESULTS:The main cause of leg length discrepancy after total hip arthroplasty included redundant neck of femur stump,used longer prothesis neck,diminished femur eccentricity,selected longer neck of femur prothesis,as well as larger movement of cotyloid cavity rotation center.The effective approaches of leg length discrepancy after total hip arthroplasty included careful preoperative planning,intraoperative measurement digital templating and image-guided surgery.It could be the adjusted with heel and shaped bottom for the limbs length which was more than 15 mm after operation,and revision operation maybe applied to patients who had more than 20 mm limbs length or combined with complications.CONCLUSIONS:Leg length discrepancy is one of the common complications following total hip arthroplasty.Along with the development of science and technology,to design individual prothesis and computer-assisted navigation joint can be recover farthest joint function.

Objective To determine the function of conserved amino acids in the fusion-promoting domain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein,clearly understanding mechanism of cell fusion.MethodsUsing a PCR-based site-directed mutagenesis method and the method of homology recombination occurred in vivo to change six conservative amino acids into alanine respectively.Wild type (WT) and all mutant HN proteins were exepressed in BHK-21 cells by the vacciniaT7 RNA polymerase expression system.The amount of each HN protein at the cell surface was determined by fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS).Cell fusion efficiency,hemadsorption activity (or receptor binding activity) and neuraminidase activity were determined.Results There was no statistic difference of cell surface expression among WT and each mutant HN protein ( P＜0.05 ).Cell fusion efficiency of each mutant protein decreased to some extent,especially 1103A decreased to 14.2％ in head.Hemadsorption activity of mutant proteins were reduced in different extent,the maximum reduction of which was also 1103A,28.2％ of wt NDV HN.There was different neuraminidase activity among each mutant HN protein.L74A increased slightly to 118.6％.L110A decreased most to 5.2％.I103A decreased second most to 5.7％.Conclusion Conserved amino acids in fusion-promoting domain of NDV HN played an important role in cell fusion.I103 was identified as a key amino acid in this domain.

Objective To evaluate the diagnostic value of the aldosterone-renin ratio (ARR) for primary aldosteronism (PA). Methods Serum aldosteronos ( ALD ) and plasma renin activities (PRA)among 44 subjects with primary aldosteronism, 9 subjects with phecchromocytoma, 8 subjects with nonfunctional adrenal tumors, 12 subjects with Cushing syndrome, 4 subjects with stenosis of renal artery and 13 subjects with primary hypertension were retrospectively reviewed. ARR was calculated. The receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves for every index were used to evaluate diagnostic value. Results The area under the curve(AUC) in the ROC curve of ALD in a supine position was 0. 947, the cut-off value of diagnosis of PA. The AUC for the ROC curve of ALD in upright position was 0. 889, the cut-off value of ALD diagnosis of PA. The AUC for the ROC curve of ARR in a supine position was 0. 978, the cut-off value of diagnosis of PA. The AUC for the ROC curve of ARR in upright position was 0. 981, the cut-off value of specificity. If ARR was combined with ALD in upright position was used, the diagnostic value was better than either index. When ALD > 275 ng/L and the AUC for the ROC curve in upright position was 0. 989,specificity. Conclusions The diagnostic value of ARR in diagnosis of primary aldosteronism is higher than ALD and PRA. ARR in upright position is better than that in supine position, especially when combined with ALD > 275 ng/L in upright position.

Objective The purpose of this study was to provide practical anatomic data for the imaging diagnosis and surgical treatment of the disease of the subphrenic spaces. Methods Sectional anatomy of the subphrenic spaces on the coronal plane were investigated on 30 sets of serial coronal sections of superior abdomen of Chinese adult cadavers and MR imaging of 2 abdomen of cadavers. Results Subphrenic spaces were divided into perihepatic spaces and perisplenic spaces on the coronal plane.The space between the anterior margin of left gastropancreatic fold and the posterior layer of hepatogastric ligament is the only direct communication between the superior and inferior recesses of the lesser sac.Its communicating type is divided into three types on the coronal plane.The right layer of the gastrophrenic ligament is continuous with the posterior layer of the lesser omentum,the left layer of the gastrophrenic ligament is continuous with the right layer of the phrenicosplenic ligament and the posterior layer of the gastrosplenic ligament.Left gastropancreatic fold is continued to the left and right layers of gastrophrenic ligament upward.The bare area of stomach is located between the left and right layers of gastrophrenic ligament,its existing rate is 100%.The bare area of spleen is located among phrenicosplenic ligament,gastrosplenic ligament,splenorenal ligament and splenocoloic ligament.Its the most width exists at the splenorenal ligament.It is divided into the part of the splenic hilus and the splenorenal part.Its maximum is 2 64?1 16 cm,4 16?2 24 cm respectively. Conclusion The coronal plane is dominant for showing left gastropancreatic fold and the communication relationship between superior and inferior recesses of the lesser sac.The superior and inferior recesses of the lesser sac that may communicate with each other is 73 3 percent of all the cases studied

Objective: To investigate the mental health status of railway female workers and related influencing factors, and to provide a scientific strategy for labor protection regulations in railway female workers. Methods: Cluster sampling was used to select 5033 female workers from Jinan, Nanning, Qinghai-Tibet, and Wuhan railway systems in China from January to August, 2016. A uniform reproductive health questionnaire, as well as the Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90) , was used to investigate their general information (age, marital status, education level, and family income) , work type (day shift, night shift, or work on shift) , work position, and the presence or absence of exposure to occupational hazardous factors. The score on each factor of SCL-90 and the positive rate of mental health status were calculated. Results: The positive rate of mental health status was 10.6% in railway female workers. The workers exposed to occupational hazardous factors had a significantly higher positive rate of mental health status than those not exposed to occupational hazardous factors (14.20% vs 8.02%, P<0.01) . There were significant differences in the positive rate of mental health status between workers with different ages, marital status, education levels, histories of abortion, or annual family income levels (P<0.01) . The scores of somatization (1.54±0.62) and horror (1.28±0.47) in SCL-90 were significantly higher than the Chinese adult norm (P<0.01) . The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that exposure to occupational hazardous factors, night shift, overwork, and carrying heavy objects were associated with mental health problems (OR=1.797, 95%CI: 1.393-2.318; OR=0.641, 95%CI: 0.498-0.827; OR=0.586, 95%CI: 0.439-0.783; OR=0.580, 95%CI: 0.378-0.890) . Conclusion Railway female workers have lower levels of mental health than the general population and are under significant occupational stress. Exposure to occupational hazardous factors, night shift, overwork, and carrying heavy objects are associated with the development of mental health problems in railway female workers.

Multiple chronic conditions have become prominent health problems nowadays. There is a positive correlation between the number of chronic diseases and the risk of sleep disorders. Patients with sleep disorders will also be more difficult to control chronic diseases they have. Therefore, more attention should be paid to the sleep problems in patients with multimorbidity. This article discusses the interrelation between multimorbidity and sleep disorders from various dimensions, to provide a new vision for the prevention and treatment of sleep disorders in patients with multimorbidity.

To carry out phylogenetic analysis for drug-resistance genes from clinical isolates of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) among patients with gastric diseases from Tibet, China.

METHODSHp strains were isolated and cultured from saliva and gastric mucosal tissues derived from patients with gastric diseases. Nine strains (including 5 isolated from oral tissues, 1 isolated from gastric tissues, and 3 representative strains of SS international standard strains used for animal models) were tested for common antibiotic resistance. Together with an ACTT 11637 international standard strain, these were subjected to re-sequencing to obtain drug-resistance genes. Such genes from various sources were compared with the resistance genes of Hp strains recorded by the NCBI website. Combined with results of drug-resistance experiments, correlation between molecular evolution and drug-resistance was analyzed.

RESULTSTesting of gastric mucosal tissues and salivary samples from 217 patients has found 89 Hp strains, which yielded a total infection rate of 41.01%. The resistance rates of 9 representative Hp strains for clarithromycin, amoxicillin, metronidazole, levofloxacin and tetracycline were 77.8%, 77.8%, 44.4%, 77.8%, and 77.8%, respectively. Compared with the reference strain, the similarity between clarithromycin-resistance genes was 99%, and that between amoxicillin- and metronidazole-resistance genes was 96%-97%. A2143G mutation was also found in clarithromycin-resistant genes of three Hp strains.

CONCLUSIONThe sensitivity of Hp to metronidazole is much higher in patients from Tibet region, and the sensitivity of Hp to clarithromycin, amoxicillin, levofloxacin and tetracycline is poor. Resistance mutations are consistent with drug resistance.

Objective To explore the effect of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) on secretions of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9),matrix metalloproteinase tissue inhibitor-1 (TIMP-1) and inflammatory factors in spleen macrophages at early stage of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE).Methods In accordance with random number table,20 ApoE knockout (ApoE-/-) C57BL/6J mice were divided into ApoE-/-EAE group and ApoE-/-control group (n=10);and 20 wild type (WT) C57BL/6J mice were divided into WT EAE group and WT control group (n=10).Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35-55 (MOG35-55) was used as antigen to induce EAE models in the ApoE-/-EAE group and WT EAE group,and MOG35-55 was replaced by normal saline in ApoE-/-control group and WT control group.The spleen macrophages were isolated from mice after 7th d of modeling and cultured in vitro;the rnacrophages of the ApoE-/-EAE group and WT EAE group were stimulated by MOG35-55,while the macrophages of the ApoE-/-control group and WT control group were treated with equivalent normal saline.Forty-eight hafter that,the contents of MMP-9,TIMP-1,interferon gamma-γ(IFN-γ),tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the culture medium were determined by ELISA.Results The contents of MMP-9,TFN-γ TNF-α and IL-6 in the WT EAE group were significantly higher than those in the WT control group (P＜0.05);the contents of MMP-9,IFN-γ 、TNF-α and IL-6 in the ApoE-/-EAE group were significantly higher than those in the ApoE-/-control group (P＜0.05);the content ofMMP-9,IFN-γ,TNF-cα and IL-6 in ApoE-/-EAE group were significantly higher than those in the WT EAE group (P＜0.05).The TIMP-1 secretion ofmacrophages in WT EAE group was significantly higher than that in WT control group (P＜0.05).Conclusions At early stage of EAE,macrophages secrete high levels of MMP-9 and inflammatory factors,and the deficiency of ApoE further contributes to the secretions of MMP-9 and inflammatory factors by macrophages.ApoE may play a role in protecting the integrity of blood-brain barrier and alleviating the inflammatory response of the central nervous system through the effects on macrophages.