The ethical behavior of dentists is one of the most important factors in the promotion of quality dental care and recognition of dentists as professionals.This paper first provided the Code of Ethics of the Dental Practice identifies ten core values on the basis of the Code of Ethics of the North American Dentist and Dental Hygienists' Association combined with the analysis of Chinese stomatological practice.The core values are autonomy,confidentiality,social trust,nonmaleficence,beneficence,justice,veracity,fidelity,paternalism,and utility.They may promote the development of the standard management of the ethical behavior of Chinese dentists.

Object To emphasize the necessity and significance of informed consent in the plastic surgery.Further investigating the ethical implication involved in informed consent principles.To standardize the medical treatment action according to the informed consent principles.Methods Through the literature search method,counseling for experts,sampling surveys and other approaches to elucidate the importancy of informed consent in plastic surgery,to survey and analyze the difficulties and ethical dilemma encountered in the process of standardization.Results Plastic surgeons firmly are aware of the principles of informed consent,as a routine preoperative procedure,however there are still some difficulties in practice.Conclusions To respect the patient's right to know,plastic surgery doctors should be standardized to perform the principle of informed consent; meanwhile hospital should develop a series of systems to regulate the principle of informed consent.

Objective To review an arthroscopic technique using suture fixation for repair of the tibial eminence fractures.Methods A review of 33 patiernts with 11 Meyers and McKeever type Ⅱ,19Ⅲand 3 Ⅳ fractures of the tibial eminence treated with arthroscopic suture fixation were conducted.Results Mean follow-up time was 7 months(range,6 to 12 months).At follow-up evaluation,the range of motion retum to their previous normal levels(rang,0°to 130°).All patients underwent X-ray examination that confirmed the fracture have been healed in 2 months except 2 cases, and pulled out fixation in 12 months.Conclusion The technique of arthroscopic internal fixation of avulsed tibial eminence fractures in 33 cases is very useful in dealing with the fractures in simple fixation,minimal trauma,quick recovery.

Objective To explore the clinical effect of microgranular fat obtained by mechanical injection of autologous fat tissues in the treatment of lacrimal trough deformity.Methods Ten patients in this group were women,and the average age was 28 years.With tumescent technique,the thigh fat granules were aspirated;after the separation and purification using cell sorting screen,fat particles were obtained with uniform size and without fibrous tissue.Through mechanical pushing of the fat particles,the fat granules became chylomicron-like.The fat particles without fibrous tissue were injected into the superficial layer and deep layer of the orbicularis oculi muscle with depressed deformity.3-12 months after operation,the clinical efficacy was evaluated by doctors,patients and the third party.Results In 10 cases of lacrimal groove deformity,9 cases were transplanted once,and 1 case did twice.After 3 to 12 months follow-up the appearance of tear trough deformity was significantly improved,the texture of the ditch of eyelid and cheek skin was soft,and appeared young plump appearance.There were no complications,such as infection,hematoma,fat liquefaction,pigmentation and induration,and satisfactory results were obtained.Conclusions Ultrafine particles of fat are obtained using improved purification method in the treatment of lacrimal groove deformity,and the efficacy is satisfactory.

Objective To compare the social, economic and technical benefits before and after HIS is introduced into the hospital. Method Weighted-factor method and t test were applied to the analyses of technical benefit, medical workload, working efficiency and economic benefit. Results Service efficiency to individual patient was enhanced greatly than before (P

Objective To discuss the clinical application of different particle size of grain fat sieved by the homogenizing fat extractor.Methods A lot of 68 patients in this group were women,and the average age was 28 years.With the aid of tumescent technique,anterior and lateral thigh fat granules were extracted using liposuction needle;after the homogenizing fat extractor and sieve purification,fat particles were obtained with uniform particle size and no fibrous tissue for different sizes of 2.00 mm,0.90 mm,0.50 mm and 0.28 mm,respectively.After choosing corresponding diameter of fat transplantation needle and appropriate injection level according to fat particle size,the multiple spot and multiple track tunnels,multi-level injection for the facial soft tissue deficiency or cavity were then carried out.With long-term postoperative follow-up,evaluation of different grades were given for the complication,fat survival rate and satisfaction.Results The results were followed up for 3-12 months postoperatively;as responding,the facial appearance of graft field deformity or deficiency was significantly improved and the skin of the recipient area was soft;wrinkles was relieved,and so that they appeared young plump well-pleasing appearance.And there were no complications,such as infection,hematoma,fat liquefaction,pigmentation,induration and so on.Satisfactory results were obtained.Conclusions The treatment of facial soft tissue deficiency or deficiency,by choosing corresponding diameter of fat transplantation needle and appropriate injection level according to the differences of fat particle size sieved by the homogenizing fat extractor,can acheive a high fat survival rate,and stable long-term effect.Thus,this safe and ideal method for rejuvenation of facial treatment is worth promoting.

Electrophysiological stimulator is widely used in study of biological electrical activities. This electrophysiological stimulator is capable of outputting both biphasic and monophasic waveforms with amplitudes within 0V and 30V. The sequence of the biphasic waveforms is alterable and their widths and interval can be respectively arbitrarily modified by the operator. The machine will inform the operator as soon as the charge completes through the indicator and buzzer. The safety of experimental objects is guaranteed by float ground thanks to battery power supply.
Electric Countershock ; instrumentation ; Electric Stimulation Therapy ; instrumentation ; Electrophysiological Phenomena ; Equipment Design

Objective To establish the risk assessment index system of clinical surgery department and determine the weight of each index,so as to provide reference for hospital performance management department.Methods Delphi method was used to construct the risk assessment index system of clinical surgery department,and the weight of each index was calculated by analytic hierarchy process.Results The risk assessment index system of clinical surgery departments was successfully constructed,including 4 first-level indicators,12 second-level indicators and 33 third-level indicators.Conclusion Clinical surgical department risk evaluation index system can more reasonably and fairly reflect the clinical risk borne by the surgical department,but also can more truly reflect the results of clinical department performance assessment,which is conducive to the reform of the hospital's internal performance appraisal and distribution system is more rational.

Objective To evaluate the application effect of the risk evaluation index system in clinical surgery departments.Methods A questionnaire was designed based on the risk evaluation index system of clinical surgery departments,and the risk evaluation were graded with RSR method.Results Among the risk evaluation of clinical surgery departments in the two hospitals,the results of first hospital were low,medium and high risk departments,and the results of second hospital were low and high risk departments,respectively.The differences among them were statistically significant.Conclusion In the process of clinical performance evaluation,it suggests that the hospital management department refer to the risk evaluation index system of clinical surgery departments as a risk assessment tool to promote more scientific and fairer performance distribution,which has certain social promotion value.

Purpose: This study was performed to analyze the rule of confluence of the caudate lobe bile duct (CLD) into the left hepatic duct (LHD) and to discuss the protective strategy during left hemihepatectomy. Methods: MRI of 400 patients and T-tube angiography images of 100 patients were collected, and the imaging rules of the confluence of the CLD into the LHD were summarized. The clinical data of 33 patients who underwent left hemihepatectomy using the protective strategy were analyzed. Results: MRI and T-tube angiography images showed that the length from the confluence point of the CLD into the LHD to the confluence of the left and right hepatic ducts was 1.19 ± 0.40 cm and 1.26 ± 0.39 cm, respectively. The average angle between the longitudinal axis of the 2 bile ducts was 68.27° ± 22.59° and 66.58 ± 22.88°, respectively. Coronal and cross-sectional images showed that inflow from the foot side to the cranial side was noted in 79.8% and 82.0% of patients, respectively, and inflow from the dorsal to the ventral side was observed in 84.5% and 88.0%, respectively. Based on these imaging rules, the safe transection length and plane were summarized, and the CLD was effectively protected in 33 cases of left hemihepatectomy. Conclusion In left hemihepatectomy, the LHD should be transected at least 1.5 cm away from the confluence of the left and right hepatic ducts, and the plane of transection should be oblique to the dorsal side at an angle of 45° with the LHD, these parameters represent an effective strategy to protect the CLD.