Patients are exposed to both the internal radiation from radiopharmaceutical and the external radiation from the X-rays during PET/CT examination. Estimating patients′ radiation dose from whole body PET/CT examination could eliminate their apprehension and give clinical physicians guidance about whether the patients need to perform PET/CT examination. The calculation methods, influencing factors, cancer risk of PET/CT imaging and how to reduce the radiation dose are reviewed in this paper.

The clinical application of 18F-FDG PET/CT in thyroid tumor is primarily for restaging of patients with DTC but having a negative 131i whole-body scan in the presence of elevated serum Tg and TgAb levels.In parallel with the accumulation of clinical experience and increasing clinical utilization of 18F-FDG PET/CT,the application of 18F-FDG PET/CT in thyroid tumors is also broadened.This review aims at updating the application of 18F-FDG PET/CT in different types of thyroid tumors.

Objective To analysis the correlation of the anti-β2 glycoprotein 1 antibodies in female infertility and threatened a-bortion.Methods Selected 547 patients with female infertility,229 patietns with threatened abortion,229 patietns with ir-regular menses and 31 normal female between August 2013 to January 2014.All the anti-β2 glycoprotein 1 antibodies (Ig-G/Ig-M)were detected by ELISA.Detected the anti-β2 glycoprotein 1 antibodies (Ig-G/Ig-M)of 114 patients who treated with aspirin and prednisone combined with gamma globulin.Results The positive rate of anti-β2GP1 antibodies (Ig-G/Ig-M)of female infertility,threatened abortion,irregular menses and normal female were 0.36%,0.43%,1.6%,0% and 20.29%, 19.21%,8.3% and 3.2%,respectively.The positive rate of aβ2GP1-IgM of female infertility,threatened abortion,irregular menses were higher than normal female.The anti-β2GP1-IgM of the treated female infertility were 47.14± 34.85 RU/ml and 31.14±27.64 RU/ml,respectively.The anti-β2GP1-IgM of the treated threatened abortion were 37.75±31.20 RU/ml and 24.34±24.48 RU/ml,respectively.The levels of anti-β2GP1-IgM of the treated patietns were significantly lower than before.Conclusion There was a close relationship between anti-β2GP1-IgM antibodies and female infertility and threatened abortion,anti-β2GP1-IgM antibodies maybe one of the immune factors for female infertility and threatened abortion.

Hepatic vein hemorrhage and air embolism are easily caused during the resection of the tumor involving the second hepatic hilum.Hepatic vein occlusion has been proven to decrease this risk,while classic selective hepatic vein occlusion with tourniquet is technique demanding.We modified the classic method by using Satinsky clamp in hepatic vein dissection and occlusion.Based on the clinical data of 220 patients who received hepatic vein occlusion with tourniquet and 330 patients with Satinsky clamp,we proved that hepatic vein occlusion with Satinsky clamp is simpler,safer and with high success rate.

Objective To investigate relationship between atrial septal thickness and atrial function by transesophageal echocardiography(TEE). Methods TEE and automatic bound detection (ABD) were performed in 83 consecutive sinus rhythm subjects including four groups: control group, nonrheumatic heart disease group, rheumatic mild mitral stenosis group and rheumatic severe mitral stenosis group. Results Atrial septal thickness(AST)and atrial septal thickness fraction (ASTF) were different in various heart diseases. There was high correlation respectively between left atrial diameter(LAD) and AST(r= -0.601 8 ,P

0 05).There wasn't side reaction in YXL.Conclusion YXL has better effect of antiepilepsia and resuming consciousness.

Objective To study the clinical type and features of cerebral watershed infarction (CWI)in eldedy patients and its relationship with plasma lysophosphatidic acid(LPA).Method Analyzed the clinical data of 106 cases of CWI patients(CWI group)confirmed by cranial MRI,and compared plasma LPA levels in patients with different types of CWI,non-CWI patients(non-CWI group,36 cases)and healthy controls(control group,32 cases).Results In CWI group,anterior-cortex type 22 cases,LPA(4.93±0.72)μmol/L,posterior-cortex type 17 cases,LPA(4.75±0.81)μmoi/L,subcortical type 47 cases,LPA (5.46±1.03)μmol/L,mixed type 20 cages,LPA(6.02±1.12)μmol/L.In non-CWIgroup,LPA(5.37±1.24)μmol/L.In control group,LPA(2.92 ±0.36)μmol/L.The levels of LPA significandy increased in various types of CWI(P<0.05 or<0.01).of which mixed type and subcortical type were the highest,and the level of LPA in mixed type WaS higher than that in anterior-cortex type and posterior-cortex type(P<0.05).The level of LPA in non-CWI group was higher than that in control group,but there wss no significant difference compared with various types of CWI.Conclusions Subcortical type is the primal type in elderly CWI patients,the main cause of which is the atherosclerotic plaque formation and lumen stenosis.Platelet activation and its microemboli play an important role in the pathophysiology.LPA levels are significantly higher in various types of CWI,of which mixed type is the highest.LPA can be used as an important molecular marker to guide the sub-type treatment of CWI in elderly patients.

Objective To evaluate HRCT typing of solitary pulmonary nodule with resected.Methods 30 cases with solitary plumonary nodules (totally 41) were undergone CT and HRCT scan befor operation.HRCT appearances were retrospectively analyzed and categorized into two types: typeⅠ ground-glass opacity (pure ground-glass opacity, mixed lower opacity, central high opacity with ground opacity ), typeⅡ pure solid opacity.Results TypeⅠ:14 nodules included bronchioloalveolar cell carcinoma (9 nodules) , adenocarcinoma (3 nodules),inflammatory granuloma (1 nodule) and adenoma (1 nodule).TypeⅡ : 27 nodules included adenocarcinoma(13 nodules),bronchioloalveolar cell carcinoma(4 nodules), squamous cell carcinoma(3 nodules),small cell lung cancer(1 nodule),adenoma(2 nodules),tuberculosis(2 nodules), inflammatory granuloma(1 nodule) and hamartoma(1 nodule). Among nodules with resected, ground-glass opacity was found more frequently in bronchioloalveolar cell carcinoma than in non- bronchioloalveolar cell carcinoma (P=0.002).No significant difference in ground-glass opacity existed between tumor lesions and non-tumor lesions (P=0.282) or adenocarcinoma and non-adenocarcinoma (P=0.146).Conclusion In the findings of HRCT in solitary pulmonary nodules,the nodules of ground-glass opacity find more frequently in bronchioloalveolar cell carcinoma than that in other lesions.

Objective:To determine the content of notoginsenoside R1 , ginsenoside Rg1 and Rb1 in Shuxuening capsules. Meth-ods:The three constituents were determined on a Hypersil ODS-2 C18 column (250 mm × 4. 6 mm, 5 μm) with gradient elution using acetonitrile (A) -aqueous solution (B) (0-8 min, 20%A→20%A, 8-40 min, 20%A→30%A, 40-60 min, 30%A→45%A) at the detection wavelength of 203 nm with a flow rate of 1. 0 ml·min-1 . The column temperature was 25℃ and the injection volume was 20μl. Results:The calibration curve showed good linearity within the concentration range of 0. 05-0. 50 mg·ml-1 for notogisenoside R1 , and 0.20-2.00 mg·ml-1 for ginsenoside Rg1 and Rb1(r =0.999 9). The average relative recovery was 98.79%, 98.42% and 98. 89% for each constituent(RSD=0. 85%, 0. 97% and 0. 74%, respectively, n=6). The intra-day RSD was 0. 49%, 0. 20% and 0. 39%, and the inter-day RSD was 0. 75%, 0. 56% and 0. 51%, respectively. The RSDs of stability test and repeatability test were less than 1%. Conclusion:The method is simple with good accuracy and repeatability, which can be used for the determination of no-toginsenoside R1 , ginsenoside Rg1 and Rb1 in Shuxuening capsules.

Objective To investigate the correlation between serum cystatin C (CysC) levels and cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) in patients with acute ischemic stroke.Methods The patients with acute ischemic stroke were enrolled.Susceptibility weighted imaging was used to identify the presence of CMBs.Particle-enhanced turbidimetric immunoassay was used to detect the levels of serum CysC.Results A total of 485 patients with acute ischemic stroke were enrolled,including 151 (31.1％) with CMBs.The level of serum CysC of the CMB group was significantly higher than that of the non-CMB group (1.24± 0.13 mg/L vs.1.02± 0.11 rmg/L; t=4.261,P＜ 0.001).Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the increased serum CysC level was an independent risk factor for the presence of CMBs in patients with acute ischemic stroke (each increase in one standard deviation,odds ratio 4.063,95％ confidence interval 2.142-8.127; P ＜0.001).Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the number of CMBs in patients with acute ischemic stroke increased with the increasing serum CysC level after adjusting for other confounders (r2 =0.361,P =0.017).Conclusions In patients with acute ischemic stroke,the serum CysC levels are independently associated with the CMBs,and the number of CMBs increases with the serum CysC level.