Objective To test the potency of hepatitis B vaccine in China. Methods Two inbred strains(DBA/1 and BALB/c) and two NIH closes-colonies of mice were typed in the H-2 region by microcy-totoxicity method and PCR. Groups of mice of the tested strains were immunized with the same hepatitis B vaccine, the titre of anti-HBsAg antibody was analyzed by microplate, and the ED50 was then estimated by Karder method for each strain. Results Significant differences were found between potency estimates de-rived from assays using different strains of mice. Conclusion It is likely that the variation of immune re-sponse to hepatitis B vaccine in mice is correlative with the H-2 haplotype. In some special case, the bet-erozygosity in H-2 region found in NIH stock could influence the accuracy in such testing even a reference preparation of hepatitis B vaccine was used. Base on our experiment, to select an appropriate NIH stocks with the H-2q haplotype for potency testing of hepatitis B vaccine in China.

The inundation of Cordyceps sinensis counterfeits in the market makes it difficult to identify. In this study, 21 batches of wild C. sinensis from 3 different regions, 30 batches of naturally cultured C. sinensis and 4 kinds of counterfeits extracted by methanol and water were analyzed using NMR technology. 9 characteristic peaks were defined as quantitative criterion after comparison, and NMR fingerprints of C. sinensis were established. According to the result it is highly similar between naturally cultured C. sinensis and wild ones by comparing their NMR fingerprints. However, NMR spectra of four kinds of adulterants showed differences with C. sinensis. The result also showed that NMR fingerprint of C. sinensis are highly characteristic and specific. The NMR characteristic fingerprint of wild C. sinensis was consistent with the naturally cultured C. sinensis, and it indicated that the chemical constituents of wild C. sinensis and naturally cultured C. sinensis are nearly the same.

Objective To investigate surgical exposure,reduction and fixation of the severe Pilon fractures. Methods A total of 11 patients with severe Pilon fractures (Rüedi-Allgwer type Ⅲ or AO/OT type C3 ) were managed by anteriormedial malleolar approach in combination with transfibular fracture or fibular osteotomy approach to reveal the tibiotalar joint.Reduction was performed under direct vision and then the tibia was fixed followed by fibula fixation. Results All patients obtained satisfactory bone reduction including nine patients with Ⅰ stage wound healing and two with Ⅱ stage wound healing.No sclerotin infection occurred.The fractures as well as the osteotomy sites were healed. Conclusions The double operative approaches can completely expose the tibiotalar joint,favor the reduction and fixation of the displaced bone fragments and attain satisfactory short-term reduction and fixation effects in the treatment of severe Pilon fractures.

Objective To investigate the value of fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) combined with serum calcitonin in the diagnosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC).Methods Retrospective analysis of the serum calcitonin and FANC results in 17 cases of MTC confirmed by pathological examination.The diagnostic value of the two methods alone and in combination for MTC were compared.Results 13 of the 17 MTC patients (13/17,76.5％) underwent fine needle aspiration biopsy before surgery,11 cases (11/13,84.6％) diagnosed as thyroid malignant tumor,7 of whom were diagnosed or suspected of MTC (7/13,53.8％).Serum calcitonin levels increased in different degrees in 16 patients.The sensitivity of the two methods combined in the diagnosis of MTC was 92.3％ (12/13).Conclusions FNAC is an important diagnostic method for the evaluation of thyroid nodules,but it is not sensitive to the diagnosis of MTC.Serum calcitonin is highly sensitive but not universally available.Compared with FNAC alone,FNAC combined with the serum calcitonin examination may significantly improve the detection rate of MTC preoperative and reduce missed diagnosis.

Objective To study the compliance of forbidden depasturing livestock on the marshland with Oncomelania snails in schistosomiasis endemic areas. Methods According to 3 levels of human infection rates as > 10% ,5%-10% and <5% , 2 204 residents selected randomly from the schistosomiasis endemic villages were sampled with the stratified cluster sampling method in Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu, Sichuan and Yunnan provinces, and investigated by questionnaire. The contents of the questionnaire included the recognition and implementation of forbidden depasturing livestock on marshland with Oncomelania snails and breeding livestock in bam. Results A total of 78.4% residents agreed forbidden depasturing livestock on marshland with snails, but 3. 7% residents disagreed it. A total of 83. 9% residents considered the relationship between breeding livestock in bam and schistosomiasis control, but 3. 1% residents thought that it was no relationship. The main reasons of depasturing livestock on marshland with Oncomelania snails were the high cost of breeding livestock in bam (36. 2% ) , unaccustomed (26.4% ) and no room for breeding livestock in bam (25.4% ). Conclusion Forbidden depasturing livestock on the marshland with Oncomelania snails should be strengthened according to the local economic, nature environment, agriculture, residents'culture degree and agriculture habit.

OBJECTIVETo explore the association between sleep duration and stroke in adults.

METHODSBaseline data of 57 704 subjects who were aged 30-79 years and enrolled into China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB) study from Tongxiang county, Zhejiang province were analyzed. Multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted to investigate the putative association between sleep duration and stroke after adjusting for potential confounders.

RESULTSThe mean age of the subjects was (53.15 ± 10.20) years in males and (51.72 ± .69) years in females, respectively. There were 14.43% of males and 15.30% of females reporting sleep durations ≤ 6 hours per day and 5.39% of males and 5.95% of females reporting long duration of sleep (≥ 10 hours per day). The prevalence of stroke was 0.92% in males compared with 0.44% in females. The prevalence of stroke showed a U-shaped distribution with sleep duration. Compared with 7 hours sleep duration per day, long sleep duration (≥ 10 hours per day) was associated with stroke. The odds ratios (OR) were 2.11 (95%CI: 1.32-3.37) for males and 2.13 (95%CI: 1.24-3.65) for females after adjusting for age, socioeconomic status, health behaviors and health status. No statistical significant association was found between short sleep duration and stroke. Meanwhile, frequent sleep snoring was found to be associated with stroke in females (OR=1.63, 95% CI: 1.11-2.40).

CONCLUSIONLonger sleep duration was found to be associated with higher risk of stroke in both males and females. Frequent sleep snoring would increase the risk of stroke in females.

Adult ; Aged ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Odds Ratio ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Sleep ; Snoring ; Stroke ; epidemiology ; Time Factors