0.05). Cross-reactivity was seen in 1 case of clonorchiasis sinensis by both the methods. Conclusion Microwave ELISA has the advantages of high sensitivity, specificity and rapidity.

Objective To understand the dynamic changes of snail situation and wild faeces pollution in marshlands in the pilot areas after leveling embankment for flood running and moving people from outside embankment to town for providing the scientific basis of schistosomiasis control in the same type areas. Methods Shishou City,Jiangxia District,Tuanfeng County and Huangzhou District were selected as the pilot areas. Snails were surveyed by the systematic and environmental sampling. Wild faeces were also investigated. The data were processed by Excel. Results Snail areas in Huangzhou Yeluzhou increased by 12.71%,in the others it did not change. For the snail density,there was a decline trend in Jiangxia Sanjiaozhou from 1999 to 2001,but it increased in 2002 obviously;in Huangzhou Yeluzhou it decreased in 2000,but increased again from 2001 to 2002;in Tuanfeng Luohuozhou it was fluctuation;it did not change in Shishou Fuxingzhou. Except Shishou City,the other three sites had infected snails distribution. The densities of wild faeces in the pilot areas were 1.14～15.60/hm~2. The positive rates of wild faeces were 1.35%～37.21%. Conclusion The marshlands in pilot areas were seriously polluted by wild faeces. There seemed to be an increase trend in the snail density. Snail areas did not change significantly in the last few years. However,the high transmission areas will expand. So the snail survey and snail control should be strengthened.

Objective To analyze the Oncomelania hupensis snail situation in schistosomiasis surveillance sites in Hubei Province from 2009 to 2014. Methods From 2009 to 2014,207 schistosomiasis endemic villages from 13 cities were selected as the surveillance sites in Hubei Province,where the surveillance of snail situation was performed,and the data about the in?dexes of snail situation during the 6 years were collected and analyzed statistically. Results From 2009 to 2014,totally 80 963.47 hm2 of snail areas were investigated,and 45 309.77 hm2 of area with snails as well as 364.93 hm2 of area with infected snails were found out,and 1 646 125 snails were captured. In the 207 surveillance sites,the density of living snails was reduced from 0.493 3 snail/0.1 m2 in 2009 to 0.339 3 snail/0.1 m2 in 2014,with a decline rate of 31.22%;the density of infected snails was reduced from 0.000 7 snail/0.1 m2 in 2009 to 0 in 2014;the infection rate of snails was reduced from 0.14%in 2009 to 0 in 2014. The infection rates of snails in the third?rank villages,endemic areas in inner embankment,ditch environment and weed environment were relatively higher. Conclusions The snail situation of Hubei Province has been declined steadily. However, the environment of snail breeding has not been changed completely. In order to consolidate the control achievements further ,the measures including mollusciciding and snail control projects should be strengthened.

Objective To investigate the effects of artesunate (Art) on cell apoptosis, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) expression induced by high glucose in rat renal tubular epithelial cells (NRK-52E). Methods NRK-52E cells were cultured and divided into normal control group, high glucose group, high glucose with different concen?trations of Art (10 mg/L, 20 mg/L and 30 mg/L) groups, and high glucose with Ena (5 mg/L) group. MTT assay was used to de?tect the cell proliferation. The apoptotic rate was evaluated by flow cytometry with AnnexinV-FITC/PI double stains. The pro?tein levels of TNF-αand IL-8 in the cell culture supernatant were determined using ELISA. Results High glucose inhibit?ed NRK-52E proliferation, induced its apoptosis, and the expressions of TNF-αand IL-8 in the supernatant. Application of Art obviously abolished the effects of high glucose, and the effects of Art were showed in dose-dependent manner. Conclu?sion Art can suppress high glucose-stimulated cell apoptosis, enhance TNF-αand IL-8 expression in NRK-52E cells. The anti-inflammatory action and immune regulation of Art could be a novel approach of treating diabetic nephropathy.

Objective To analyze the change of schistosomiasis endemic situation in Hubei Province, 2008. Methods The data of schistosomiasis control in the whole province, surveillance sites and standard examinations were collected and analyzed. Results Among all the 63 endemic counties (cities, districts), 21 reached the criteria of transmission interruption, 19 reached the criteria of transmission control, and 23 reached the criteria of infection control in 2008. Villages of Category Three, Category Four and Category Five accounted for 52.10% , 27.80% and 20.09% of all the endemic villages in the whole province, respectively. The infection rates of population and cattle were 1. 70% and 2. 20% , which decreased by 27. 04% and 34. 33% when comparing to those in 2007. The snail area was 77 363 hm~2, with a reduction of 315.70 hm~2 comparing to 2007. In the 74 provincial surveillance sites, the infection rate of population and cattle were 1. 32% and 1. 85% , respectively, with reduction rates of 32.99% and 68.38% comparing to 2007. The snail area was 2 833.98 hm~2 and the area with infected snails was 215.35 hm~2, the densities of living and infected snails were 0. 37 snails/0.1 m~2 and 0.000 3 snails/0. 1 m~2, respectively, and the infection rate of snails was 0.08%. Comparing to 2007, the snail area, densities of living and infected snails and the infection rate of snails decreased by 3.81 % , 21.28% , 40.00% and 27. 30% , respectively, while the area with infected snails increased by 4.52%. The results of standard examination suggested that all the 15 uncontrolled counties ( cities, districts) reached the criteria of infection control. Conclusions Though the endemic situation of schistosomiasis in Hubei Province has been controlled effectively, the endemic condition is still severe. Therefore, the comprehensive measures with an emphasis on infectious source control should be strengthened to consolidate the control result.

Objective To determine the expression of CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ regulatory T cells(Treg cells) in peripheral blood of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and investigate the clinical significance of Treg cells determination in clinical practice. Methods Flow cytometry was employed to measure the levels of CD4+ CD25+ T cells and CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ T cells in peripheral blood of 18 HCC patients, 26 hospitalized patients without HCC (clinical control) as well as 24 healthy persons (healthy control). Results The percentage of CD4+ CD25+ T cells in total CD4+T cells isolated from the HCC patients(4.25% ± 3.98 % ) was elevated significantly compared to that in the clinical control group (1.34% ± 1.14%) or healthy control group (1.29% ±0.95%) (both P＜0.01). There was no difference in the percentage between the clinical control group and the healthy control group (P＞0.05). Meanwhile, the ratio between CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ T cells and CD4+ T cells in HCC patients (2.94%0.91%) also increased significantly compared to that in the clinical control group (0.76% ± 0.34%) or healthy control group (0.81% ± 0.29%) ( both P＜0. 001), which showed a more obvious increasing tendency than the ratio of CD4+ CD25+ T cells and CD4+ T cells. No difference in percentage of CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ T cells in CD4+ T cells was found between the clinical control group and the healthy control group (P＞0.05). Conclusion As the more accurate regulatory T cells, CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ T cells are able to detect the increase of population in HCC patients. Therefore, it is important to determine the levels of CD4+ CD25+FOXP3+ T cells in HCC patients for prevention and treatment of malignancy.

Objective To assess the schistosomiasis endemic situation in the national surveillance sites in Hubei Province, so as to provide the evidence for the prevention and control of schistosomiasis. Methods According to the national surveillance protocol,a longitudinal surveillance of endemic situation of schistosomiasis was carried out in 16 national surveillance sites from 2005 to 2010. Results In general,the positive rates of IHA,Kato-Katz technique and infection rates of Schistosoma japonicum decreased from 15.67%,10.93%and 1.71%in 2005 to 10.48%,8.54%and 0.90%in 2010,and declined by 33.12%,22.70%and 47.95%,respectively. The infection rates of S. japonicum of the male were higher than that of the female,and the peak infec-tion rates were in the groups aged above 30 years. The endemic situation of fishermen and farmers were relatively serious. The in-fection rates of S. japonicum in cattle decreased from 11.69%in 2005 to 1.41%in 2010,and declined by 88.01%(χ2 =298.79, P<0.001). The areas with infected Oncomelania hupensis snails,the densities of living snails,the rates of infected snails and the densities of infected snails decreased by 90.88%,61.66%,80.00%and 92.00%,respectively. Conclusion The schistosomiasis endemic situation in the national surveillance sites in Hubei Province mitigates in 6 years,but the prevention is still a very daunt-ing task.

Objective To explore the relationship between sleep status and the risk of diabetes in adults.Methods The baseline data of 53 260 subjects who were aged 30-79 years and had been enrolled into China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB) study from Suzhou,Jiangsu province were analyzed.Multiple logistic regression models were used to investigate the association between sleep status and diabetes after adjusting for potential confounders.Results Among 53 260 subjects,5.3％ had diabetes.The proportions of difficultly falling asleep,early morning arousal and snoring frequently was 7.2％,10.0％ and 29.5％,respectively.There were 22.6％ of subjects reporting sleep duration ≤6 hours.After controlling for possible confounders,the subjects with difficulty falling sleep (OR=1.63 for male,95％ CI:1.30-2.05;OR=1.48 for female,95％ CI:1.27-1.73),early morning arousal (OR=1.37 for male,95％CI:1.12-1.68;OR=1.31 for female,95％CI:1.14-1.51) or snoring frequently (OR=1.16 for male,95％CI:1.00-1.34;OR=1.39 for female,95％CI:1.23-1.57) had a higher risk of diabetes.Using hypnotics regularly was associated with the risk of diabetes in females (OR=1.42,95％CI:1.06-1.92).Compared with 8 hours sleep duration daily,shorter sleep duration (≤ 6 hours) was associated with risk of diabetes in both males (OR=1.37,95％CI:1.17-1.60) and females (OR=1.24,95％ CI:1.08-1.41).No statistical significant association was found between longer sleep duration (≥9 hours) and the risk of diabetes.Conclusion Sleep problems,including difficulty falling asleep,early morning arousal,snoring frequently and shorter sleep duration,were associated with the risk of diabetes,but no statistical significant association was observed between longer sleep duration and the risk of diabetes.

BACKGROUND:Mechanical stimulation has been confirmed to promote osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal stem cells,but the mechanism is unknown.Primary cilia are important mechanoreceptors and regulate various signaling pathways such as TGF-β1/BMP-2/SMAD.They are likely to be important targets for mechanical regulation of bone marrow stromal stem cells. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effect and mechanism of fluid shear stress on osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal stem cells. METHODS:Rat bone marrow stromal stem cells were divided into control group,mechanical stimulation group(fluid shear mechanics intervention by shaking table),mechanical stimulation + IFT88 silencing group(mechanical stimulation + silencing IFT88 expression with siRNA).After 24 hours of intervention,qRT-PCR was utilized to determine the expression of transforming growth factor β1 and bone morphogenetic protein 2.Western blot assay was used to detect the expression of phosphorylated SMAD2/3 protein.Immunofluorescent staining of primary cilia was conducted and morphology was analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Shear stress stimulation could promote the transcriptional activity of transforming growth factor β1 and bone morphogenetic protein 2 genes,and increase the expression of phosphorylated SMAD2/3 protein.After siRNA interfered with primary cilia,this mechanical response effect was significantly reduced.There was a Spearman correlation between the change ratio of the primary cilium area of bone marrow stromal stem cells and the increased ratio of transforming growth factor β1 and bone morphogenetic protein 2 gene transcription.These findings indicate that primary cilia/intraflagellar transport mediates the activation of fluid shear stress-responsive transforming growth factor β1/bone morphogenetic protein 2/SMAD signaling pathway and promotes osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal stem cells.

Objective To study the compliance of forbidden depasturing livestock on the marshland with Oncomelania snails in schistosomiasis endemic areas. Methods According to 3 levels of human infection rates as > 10% ,5%-10% and <5% , 2 204 residents selected randomly from the schistosomiasis endemic villages were sampled with the stratified cluster sampling method in Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu, Sichuan and Yunnan provinces, and investigated by questionnaire. The contents of the questionnaire included the recognition and implementation of forbidden depasturing livestock on marshland with Oncomelania snails and breeding livestock in bam. Results A total of 78.4% residents agreed forbidden depasturing livestock on marshland with snails, but 3. 7% residents disagreed it. A total of 83. 9% residents considered the relationship between breeding livestock in bam and schistosomiasis control, but 3. 1% residents thought that it was no relationship. The main reasons of depasturing livestock on marshland with Oncomelania snails were the high cost of breeding livestock in bam (36. 2% ) , unaccustomed (26.4% ) and no room for breeding livestock in bam (25.4% ). Conclusion Forbidden depasturing livestock on the marshland with Oncomelania snails should be strengthened according to the local economic, nature environment, agriculture, residents'culture degree and agriculture habit.