BACKGROUND:Insulin taken orally is easy to be degraded by hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice and various enzymes in the gastrointestinal tract.It is hard for oral insulin to pass through the epithelial cell membrane in the gastrointestinal tract.Insulin delivered by injection needs at least 36 hours every administration.Many pulmonary administrations of insulin have been recentl studied,such as dry powder inhalation,aerosol inhalation,electron spraying,insulin nanometer technique,and absorption enhancer,with promising clinical application prospects.OBJECTIVE:To investigate the glucose-lowering effects of insulin delivered by oral inhalation in normal rats.METHODS:Thirty healthy male rats,weighing (220±30) g were randomly divided into seven groups:low dose insulin (1.0 U/kg,n=4),middle dose insulin (5.0 U/kg,n=4),high dose insulin (10,0 U/kg,n=4),insulin (2.0 U/kg) +5% lecithin (n=5),insulin (2.0 U/kg)+1% oleic acid (n=5),insulin (2.0 U/kg) +1% diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA; n=5),and blank control (n=3).At 0,30,60,120,180,240 minutes after administration.1.5μL blood was taken from rat tails through the use of ONE TOUCH~(TM) BASICTM PLUS blood glucose detection system for determination of blood glucose level and calculation of insulin pharmacological bioavailability under various conditions.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Insulin (1U/kg) markedly decreased glucose levels immediately after inhalation.Blood glucose level decreased with increasing insulin dose.Insulin (10 U/kg) could produce a 14.5% decrease of blood glucose level.Insulin (1 U/kg) could yield a pharmacological bioavailability of 11.5% in the absence of absorption enhancer.The concomitant administration of oleic acid,DTPA and lecithin appeared to be more effective in enhancing the pulmonary absorption of insulin,and decreasing blood glucose level.

Objective To detect the patients with IgA nephropathy by glycobiology and immunological technique. Methods An helia aspera lectin ELISA immunoassay was developed to discriminate the aberrantly glycosylated IgA in serum from normal IgA molecules by using HAA lectin, which reacts preferentially with the GalNAc of the terminal sugar chain, and AKP conjugated specific IgA antibody. Results The results given by A 405 nm values from 156 controls, 22 patients with IgAN and 19 patients with uncertain IgAN were 0.22?0.10,0.68?0.17 and 0.38?0.15, respectively. The significance between the controls and the patients with IgAN was observed ( P

Objective To study the effects of Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)therapy on shoulder hand syndrome(SHS).Methods 50 patients with SHS were divided into rehabilitation group and control group.The patients in rehabilitation group accepted physiotherapy and TCM therapy,which include marinate in traditional herb,pulsed electromagnetic therapy,massage and stimulate point.The patients in control group accepted physiotherapy only.They were evaluated after 1 month.Results The cured rate and the improved rate in rehabilitation group were higher than those in control group(P<0.05).Conclusion The TCM therapy is effective on SHS.

Spinal cord injury often resulted in disability. It is important to establish an ideal animal model to study spinal cord injury, its pathogenesis, regeneration and repair, etc. This article reviewed the establishment of models, including animals, method, characteristics, and discussed the frequently used models.

Objective To determine the utility of musculoskeletal ultrasound imaging to support physical findings in different stages of recovery and in recommending treatment regimens.Methods Forty-three hemiplegic stroke survivors with shoulder pain were enrolled.Physical examinations were performed 3 and 6 months after the stroke using a visual analogue scale (VAS),a modified Ashworth scale,measurements of passive range of motion and Brunnstrom staging.This was coupled with sonography of the long head of the biceps,the subscapularis tendon,the supraspinatus tendon,the infraspinatus tendon,the acromioclavicular joint and the subacromial-subdeltoid bursa.Results Three months after the stroke the average VAS score correlated negatively with the average Brunnstrom stage of the shoulders (r=-0.39,P≤0.01),with the range of passive abduction (r=-0.56,P≤ 0.01),the range of passive external rotation (r=-0.36,P≤ 0.02),and the range of passive flexion (r=-0.37,P≤ 0.02).It was positively correlated with abnormal sonographic findings of the long head tendon of the biceps (r=0.32,P≤ 0.04),the subscapularis tendons (r=0.31,P≤0.04) and the supraspinatus tendons (r=0.53,P≤0.01).However,3 months later the VAS results were negatively correlated with Brunnstrom stage (r=-0.45,P ≤ 0.01),range of passive shoulder abduction (r=-0.60,P≤0.01),range of passive external rotation (r=-0.41,P≤0.01),and passive range of flexion (r=-0.52,P≤ 0.01),but positively correlated with spasticity (r=0.34,P≤ 0.03),biceps tendinopathy (r=0.45,P≤0.01),subscapularis tendinopathy (r=0.33,P≤ 0.03) and supraspinatus tendinopathy (r=0.56,P≤ 0.01).Rotator cuff injury was significantly more severe 6 months after stroke than at 3 months.The incidence of pain in the hemiplegic shoulder and abnormal sonographic findings of the biceps tendon and subscapularis tendon were significantly higher at 6 months than at 3 months after the stroke.Supraspinatus tendon problems were notable both at 3 and 6 months.Conclusions Pain in a hemiplegic shoulder is positively correlated with abnormal sonographic findings but negatively correlated with Brunnstrom stages and passive range of motion 3 and 6 months after stroke.Six months after stroke,pain is positively correlated with muscle tone.The tendon at the long head of the biceps and the rotator cuff are vulnerable to injury,especially at 6 months after stroke.

Objective: To analyze the school adaptation and behavioral performance of the first batch of students who return to school during the COVID-19 epidemic, and to provide a theoretical basis for further development of corresponding intervention measures. Methods: The method of cluster sampling was adopted to conduct anonymous questionnaire survey on the first batch of college students who have returned to a certain university. The survey contents included the basic information of the students, the adaptability of the school after returning to school and the corresponding behavior performance. Results: Male students reported high lever of satisfaction than female students on the dormitory environment health (t=10.28, P<0.01), but low satisfaction on school security and logistical support (t=2.26, P=0.02), rural students marked higher score than urban students for the school closed management system (t=2.82, P=0.01), in terns of school security, Logistics, the degree of school s attention to the epidemic prevention and epidemic prevention, non only-child gave high score than the only children; In terms of their own behavior, the rate of seek medical treatment immediately when they develop COVID-19 related symptoms (68.1%) was lower than that of others (81.3%)(χ 2=223.88，P<0.01)；In addition, the percentage of respondents who chose to report COVID-19 related symptoms (79.5%) was lower than that of others (88.7%)(χ 2=97.49，P<0.01). A total of 2 671 college students (98.9%) were able to wear masks every day and 2 457 (90.9%) chose to improve their diet to improve their immunity. Conclusion The first batch of college students who return to school have a high level of satisfaction on school management, and can take active measures to adapt to the life back to school and commit self-protection, however targeted measures to are still needed further strengthen students health education.

Objective: To understand the current situation and influencing factors of Internet addiction among college students after returning to school during the COVID-19 epidemic, and to provide scientific basis for timely intervention measures to adjust the risk factors of Internet addiction. Methods: A cluster sampling method was adopted to conduct a questionnaire survey among 2 700 college students who firstly returned to college using general condition questionnaire and Internet Addiction scale. Results: The detection rate of Internet addiction disorder was 32.4% among returning college students, moreover, the detection rate of Internet addiction in male students(36.0%) was higher than that in female students (31.2%) (χ 2=5.42,P<0.05). The degree of Internet addiction was negatively correlated with the physical health score (r-s=-0.20) and mental health score (r-s=-0.24) of college students (P<0.01). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that compared with introversion, neutral (OR=0.67, 95%CI=0.55-0.82) and extroverted college students (OR=0.59, 95%CI=0.48-0.74) were protective factors for Internet addiction; compared with no exercise, physical exercise ≥3 times or more per week (exercise 3-4 times：OR=0.67, 95%CI=0.51-0.87; ≥5 times：OR=0.67, 95%CI=0.50-0.90) were the protective factors for Internet addiction among college students; family loss during the epidemic was a risk factor for Internet addiction among college students (OR=1.34, 95%CI=1.12-1.60); the risk of Internet addiction was 2.13 times higher for college students who actively sought psychological help than for those who did not seek psychological help (95%CI=1.14-3.96); college students who did not want to go back to school had 1.50 times the risk of Internet addiction as those who did (95%CI=1.26-1.77). Conclusion The current situation of college students online behaviors during COVID-19 is not optimistic, and should arouse sufficient attention from society and universities. In addition, college students returning to school should take more physical exercises and psychological counseling to detect and intervene in psychological problems in time, reduce their psychological burden, and enhance their psychological quality.

Objective: To investigate the sleep quality and influencing factors of the first batch of college students returning to school during COVID-19 epidemic, so as to provide scientific basis for taking corresponding measures. Methods: An anonymous self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted among the first batch of college students returning from a certain university by cluster sampling, which included general demographic characteristics, Trait Coping Style Questionnaire (TCSQ) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index(PSQI). Results: The detection rate of sleep disorders was 19.33%(522/2 701). The mother s education level was high school or technical secondary school or below(OR=2.24, 95%CI=1.47-3.41), never eat breakfast(OR=3.25, 95%CI=1.86-5.68), families were damaged during the outbreak (OR=1.48, 95%CI=1.17-1.87) and negative coping (OR=1.15, 95%CI=1.12-1.17) were risk factors for sleep disorders(P<0.05). Compared to having a very poor relationship with parents, the relationship between parents was average(OR=0.23, 95%CI=0.06-0.89), better(OR=0.23, 95%CI=0.06-0.87), very good (OR=0.19, 95%CI=0.05-0.74) were protective factors for sleep disorders(P<0.05). Exercise once or twice a week during the epidemic(OR=0.76, 95%CI=0.58-1.00), positive coping (OR=0.93, 95%CI=0.91-0.96) were protective factors for sleep disorders(P<0.05). Conclusion In this COVID-19 epidemic, the sleep quality of returning college students was affected to different extent, and the relationship between parents, sports, mother s education, breakfast habits, and family damage during the COVID-19 were factors affecting their sleep quality. Targeted psychological intervention measures should be given to returning college students in the early stage.

Objective: To investigate the mental health and influencing factors of college students during online learning under the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic, and to provide a scientific basis for mental health education. Methods: From June to July 2020, a cluster sampling method was used to select one medical and non-medical colleges and universities in southern Anhui Province. Among them, the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) was used to conduct an online questionnaire survey among 3 781 medical and non-medical college students. Results: The reporting rates of depression, anxiety and stress among medical college students (30.03%, 31.05% and 14.50%, respectively) were lower than those of non-medical college students(44.49%, 46.22%, 24.81%)(χ2=81.49, 88.26, 63.08, P<0.05). During the online learning period of college students, the depression and anxiety were mainly moderate(18.43%, 20.68%), and the stress was mainly mild and moderate(9.41%, 5.29%). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that non-medical students, poor parent relationships, poor relationships with fathers, teachers inadequate preparation before class, and dissatisfaction with online teaching results were prone to depression(OR=1.84, 1.28, 1.63, 1.75,1.24), anxiety (OR=1.79, 1.22, 1.65, 1.77, 1.19) and stress(OR=2.09, 1.41, 1.58, 1.29,1.48)(P<0.05). Girls were less prone to depression (OR=0.82) and anxiety(OR=0.74); College students who live in rural areas were more likely to have anxiety symptoms(OR=1.27); Senior students were more likely to feel stress(P<0.05). Conclusion The detection rate of depression, anxiety and stress negative emotion in college students was higher during online study. Families and schools should pay attention to the mental health of college students during online learning, and provide targeted psychological counseling for different students.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the state of depression and anxiety and assciated factors of back to school college students during the outbreak of COVID-19, so as to provide theoretical basis for emotional counseling and psychological crisis intervention after long term school closure due to epidemic outbreak. Methods: Cluster sampling was used to select the first batch of 2 697 back to school students in a high vocational college. The survey content includes basic information questionnaire, Depression Self rating Scale (SDS) and Anxiety Self rating Scale(SAS). Results: The detection rate of depression and anxiety was 31.8% and 10.4% respectively. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of depression in female college students was 1.28 times higher than that in male students. The risk of depression among college students with family loss experience caused by the outbreak of COVID-19 was 1.30 times that of those without family loss experience caused by the outbreak of COVID-19. Outgoing personality(OR=0.62), neutral (OR=0.55) and mild temper(OR=0.46), moderate frequency of physical exercise per week(1-2 times:OR=0.73, 3-4 times:OR=0.65) were protective effects for depression in college students.Low frequency of breakfast were the risk effects for depression in college. The risk of anxiety among college students who was the only child in the family was 1.61 times higher than that who was not the only child in the family. The risk of anxiety among college students with family loss experience caused by the outbreak of COVID-19 was 1.45 times higher than that college students without family loss experience caused by the outbreak of COVID-19. Neutral temper, mild temper and physical exercise 1-2 times a week were associated with lower level of anxiety in college students(OR=0.67,0.56,0.67). Breakfast skipping (OR=2.03) was associated with higher levvel of anxiety in college students. Conclusion During the outbreak of COVID-19, the first batch of back to school college students presented high level of depression. Colleges are suggested to promptly carry out effective emotional relief and psychological intervention for students, especially those whose family suffered in COVID-19, the only child in the family, with poor breakfast eating habits, as well as breakfast skipping and lack of physical exercise.