Humans ; Public Health ; Vaccination ; Vaccines

In 2012,General Office of the State Council forwarded the'12th Five-Year Plan'on National Prevention and Control of Endemic Diseases,which was jointly developed by the Former Ministry of Health,Development and Reform Commission,and Ministry of Finance.During the 12th Five-Year Plan period,the national prevention and control of endemic diseases had made steady progress.This article mainly summarized the progress made in prevention and control of endemic diseases in China during the 12th Five-Year Plan period.The main problems encountered in prevention and control of endemic diseases in China were discussed.The prevention and key research tasks of the 13th Five-Year Plan on national prevention and control of endemic diseases were introduced.In the 13th Five-Year Plan,key issues in prevention and control of endemic diseases will be the existing main problems,to carry out targeted prevention and control,and to develop scientific and accurate prevention and control plan according to law.

Objective To assess effectiveness of implementation of non-pharmaceutical treatment in a standardized community-based hypertension management program in China.MethodsA protocol of standardized community-based hypertension management was developed based on current guidelines for prevention and treatment of hypertension in China.Physicians in community health-care service centers at the grassroots across China were trained in a standardized way using this protocol during 2005 to 2008,and then the trainees were required to manage hypertensive patients according to the protocol.Hypertensive patients eligible for criteria of inclusion and under management for more than one year were analyzed to observe changes in their behavioral risk factors,pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical treatment,and effectiveness of blood pressure lowering.ResultsBy the end of 2008,a total of 29 411 hypertensive patients had been managed for one year according to the protocol and 20 077 patients with complete data (47.1％ for male)with mean age of 61±11 years were eligible for analysis.After standardized management of one year,prevalence of smoking,alcohol drinking and proportion of patients who preferred salty diet decreased from 17.7 percent,18.1 percent and 32.8 percent to 8.9 percent,8.7 percent and 15.8 percent,respectively(P＜0.01).Srstolic blood pressure(BP)decreased by 11.6[95％confidence interval(CI)10.8-12.4]mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa),13.7(95％CI 13.3-14.1)mm Hg and 15.2(95％CI14.8-15.6)mmHg in the patients with non-pharmaceutical therapy,pharmaceutical therapy and both,respectively；and diastolic BP decreased by 7.5(95％CI6.9-8.1)mm Hg,8.3(95％CI8.1-8.5)mmHg and 8.0(95％CI7.8-8.2)mm Hg in the three groups,respectively.During the one-year period of management,proportion of the patients with appropriate non-pharmaceutical therapy increased continuously.By the end of one-year management,59.5 percent of smoked patients were required to quit their smoking,55.5 percent of alcohol drinkers were required to limit their drinking,52.3 percent of overweight and obese patients were required to reduce their weight and 47.3 percent of patients with physical exercises less than three times a week were required to increase their regular physical activity.However,certain proportion of the patients with risk factors did not receive appropriate non-pharmaceutical therapy.Conclusion Guideline-oriented hypertension management succeeded in lifestyle changes among the patients,but it is a gradual process to its full implementation.

This report presented the endemic status of schistosomiasis in the People's Republic of China at national level in 2013. By the end of 2013,there are 184 943 schistosomiasis japonica cases. Meanwhile,nine acute cases were reported,and 4 cases reduced compared with that of 2012. A total of 29 796 advanced cases were reported;while 911 cases were determined as advanced cases and 1 700 cases were dead in 2013. Nationally,there were around 365 467.99 hm2 Oncomelania snail infested areas in total and 9.25 hm2 of them habituated infected snails in 2013. There were 287.28 hm2 of snail infested areas found in non?endemic areas historically. Moreover,962 065 cattle were estimated to be raised in endemic regions and 633 cattle were deter?mined as positive by stool examinations. The data showed that the endemicity of schistosomiasis in China decreased further. How?ever,challenges exist to reach the aims of the medium and long term national program. Further control and effective surveillance need to be strengthened as the endemicity of schistosomiasis is unstable in the areas after schistosomiasis transmission under con?trol or interruption.

Objective:To monitor iodized salt consumption and evaluate iodine deficiency status in 2014 in China.Materials and Methods:In 2014,a nationwide cross-sectional survey was conducted in 31 provinces (in this study,provinces,autonomous regions and municipalities in Mainland China were named as provinces).Probability proportional to size sampling method was adopted to recruit children ages 8-10 and pregnant women.47,467 children's and 18,994 pregnant women's urine samples were collected and 47,706 children's thyroid volumes were examined.Iodine content in salt was determined with 46,900 edible salt samples from children's households;urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was tested from children and pregnant women's urine samples;thyroid volume of children was assessed by ultrasound.Results:The national coverage rate of iodized salt and consumption rate of qualified iodized salt were 96.3％ and 91.5％,respectively.Median iodine content in iodized salt was 25.2 mg/kg.In 22 of 31 provinces,the provincial coverage rates of iodized salt were over 95％.And consumption rates of qualified iodized salt were more than 90％ in 21 provinces.In this study,the national median urinary iodine concentration (MUIC) of children in China was 197.9 μg/L.At the provincial level,MUIC of children in 19 provinces was 100-199 μg/L,which in 12 provinces was 200-299 μg/L.The national MUIC of pregnant women in 2014 was 154.6 μg/L,slightly higher than the lower limit of the WHO criteria for adequate (150-249 μg/L).At the provincial level,MUIC of pregnant women in 18 provinces was 100-149 μg/L,which in 13 provinces was 150-249 μg/L.The national prevalence of goiter among children in 2014 was 2.6％,of which only Shandong province (5.6％) exceeded the national standard (5％).Conclusions:In China,iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) has been eliminated since 2005.And in 2014,the IDD-free status still remained.

In order to clarify regions of production and to discriminate processing methods, quantitative and qualitative analyses for saccharides and terpenes in 35 batches of Alismatis Rhizoma were performed. Methodologies included HPLC-PDA, HPLC-VWD and UHPLC-MS , combined with principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares regression techniques (PLSR). The inhibitory effects of triterpenes and Alismatis Rhizoma extracts on lipase activity were evaluated . PLSR analysis revealed significant positive correlations ( = 0.5795) between the contents of triterpenes , , , and and the inhibitory effects of Alismatis Rhizoma. The present study establishes an effective method for simultaneous determination of multiple components, and identifies key bioactive triterpenes. These results can be used for systematic and novel analytical strategies for the quality control of Alismatis Rhizoma production.