Objective The changes of Glutamic acid(Glu) and GABA immunoreaction in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of rats with seizure induced by IL-1? and IL-6 were studied.To explore the mechanism of IL-1? and IL-6 in epilepsy. Methods Experimental rats were randomly divided into 3 groups:control group,IL-1? group,and IL-6 group.After intracerebroventricular injection of relevant reagents for 120?min,behaviour changes were observed,Glu and GABA were examined by means of immunohistochemistry in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of rats. Results The behaviour observation indicated that no seizure happened in control group,seizure in middle degree was observed in IL-1? group and IL-6 group.Compared with in control group,the immunoreaction of Glu showed that the expression was significantly increased in IL-1? group and IL-6 bgroup,while GABA was obviously decreased after intracerebroventricular injection IL-1? or IL-6 at 120?min.Conclusion The machanism of that IL-1? or IL-6 particpated in promotion and abduction epilepsy may be through increasing Glu and decreasing GABA in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus.The nerve excitation is enhanced and then epilepsy occurred.

Objective To explore the antiepileptic effect and mechanism of glucocorticoid. Methods Animal behaviour observation and immunocytochemical staining. Results Major epilepsy was induced by pentylenetetrazole(PTZ).Dexamethasone or diphenylhydantoin(DPH) administered in rat 30?min before administration of PTZ could suppress or inhibit epileptiform.Immunocytochemistry demonstrated that there was a large number of hypertrophic astrocytes with GFAP immunoreaction in cerebral cortex,hippocampal gyrus and dentate gyrus of epileptic rats induced by PTZ.The immunoreaction of GFAP was obviously weakened,the number of positive cells was reduced,the processes were shorter and less in both groups of antiepilepsy by GC or DPH.The expression of Fos protein was in a great quantity in cerebral cortex 1 to 1\^5 hours after seizure induced by PTZ,whereas their expressions were remarkable suppressed in GC or DPH antiepileptic groups. Conclusion 1\^The antiepileptic effect of GC was further proved by comparing with the antiepileptic effects of DPH(a traditional antiepileptic drug). 2\^Inhibited activity of astrocytes might be involved in antiepileptic mechanism of GC. 3\^The change of expression of Fos protein might be closely related to epileptic actions. [

Objective To investigate the distribution of interleukin\|2 receptor (IL\|2R) and glucocorticoid receptor(GR) and identify coexistence of IL\|2R and GR in the rat brain. Methods The double labeling immunocytochemical technique(PAP method combined with ABC method), DAB and BDHC were used in the double labeling immunocytochemical method as the chromogens respectively. The reactive products of former was brown or yellow and later was black blue. Results IL\|2R and GR positive neurons were widely distributed in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, many motor and sense nuclei in the brain stem. The immunoreactive products of IL\|2R were found to be located on cell membrane and GR in nucleus and cytoplasm. There were a lot of positive double labeling neurons in the rat brain. The rate of double labeled cells in the total number of positive cells varied in different regions of brain, such as, 50 percent in cerebral cortex and 30 percent in nucleus of abducent nerve. Conclusion Immunogical cytokines and hormone could regulate the neuronal function through their corresponding receptors which coexisted in the same brain neurons. The present study might provide morphological evidence in the level of receptor for the immuno\|neuro\|endocrine network.

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs) are widely present in the world and their concentration in the environment has been increasing rapidly.PBDEs pollution has caused an extensive concern in recent years.The environmental effects of PBDEs are decided by their transfer and transformation,which is the basis of environmental and health risk evaluation.At present,a considerable number of detection of PBDEs has been undertaken in sediment and wildlife.However,little research has been done on the ecotoxicology of PBDEs.The purpose of this paper was to introduce the research status of PBDEs,to summarize emphatically their distribution model,bioaccumulation regularity and ecotoxicology effects in the environment,and to discuss the influences of PBDEs on human health.Finally the problems needed to be solved in this field are proposed.

In recent years, the incidence of stroke increased year by year and the research on post-stroke epilepsy (PSD) is also increasing.In addition to the type, location, and severity of stroke, the occurrence of PSD is also associated with small vessel disease and genetic factors;however, the exact pathophysiological mechanisms are not very clear.This article reviews the risk factors and pathophysiological mechanisms of PSD.

To explore the roles of astrocytes in the epileptogenesis, astrocytes and neurons were isolated, purified and cultured in vitro from cerebral cortex of rats. The astrocytes were activated by ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) and astrocytic conditioned medium (ACM) was collected to treat neurons for 4, 8 and 12 h. By using Western blot, the expression of calmodulin dependent protein kinase II (CaMK II), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and adenylate cyclase (AC) was detected in neurons. The results showed that the expression of CaMK II, iNOS and AC was increased significantly in the neurons treated with ACM from 4 h to 12 h (P<0.05), and that of iNOS and AC peaked at 8 h and 12 h respectively. It was suggested that there might be some epileptogenic factors in the ACM and such signal pathways as NOS-NO-cGMP, Ca2+/CaM-CaMK II and AC-cAMP-PKA might take part in the signal transduction of epileptogenesis.

Summary: To explore the mechanism of epilepsy induced by IL-1β and IL-6, the changes of glutamic acid (Glu) and GABA immunoreaction in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of rats with seizure induced by IL-1β or IL-6 were studied. Rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: control group (intracerebroventricular injection (icv) of NS), IL-1β group (icv injection of IL-1β) and IL-6 group (i.c.v. injection of IL-6). 120 min after the icv injection of reagents of IL-1β or IL-6, behavioral changes were observed and Glu and GABA in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus were examined by means of immunohistochemistry. Our results showed that no seizure developed in the control group, while moderate seizure was observed in IL-1β group and IL-6 group. Compared with the controls, the immunoreaction of Glu was significantly increased, while GABA was obviously decreased in IL-1β group and IL-6 group after 120 min. Our study suggested that the IL-1β and IL-6 might promote and induce epilepsy by increasing Glu and decreasing GABA in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus.

Objective To investigate the effect of glucose supplement on AMPK activation in myocardium of exercised rats by measuring the myocardial AMPK activation and glycogen content after acute exercise training.Methods Rats were subjected to an acute endurance exercise and glucose supplement in varying doses and time points before and after exercise.The dynamic changes of myocardial AMPK activities was measured with Western blotting, changes of myocardial glycogen content were measured with Anthrone method.Results AMPK activation in myocardium of exercised rat was increased significantly throughout the exercise, and remained at a higher level 1 hour after acute exercise.However the level of AMPK activity was not significantly increased in exercised rat with glucose supplement.Glycogen content was not significantly changed after exercise.Rats subjected to lower dose glucose supplement did not show significant changes in glycogen content neither.But glycogen content was significantly increased in rats at 24 hours after exercise, subjected to higher dose of glucose supplement.Conclusions 1) Acute exercise induces a significant increase in AMPK activation in myocardium of exercised rats.Glucose supplement significantly inhibites the activation of AMPK induced by acute exercise.(2) Higher dose glucose supplement significantly increases glycogen content in the rat myocardium 24 h after exercise.

To explore the roles of astrocytes in the epileptogenesis, astrocytes and neurons were isolated, purified and cultured in vitro from cerebral cortex of rats. The astrocytes were activated by ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) and astrocytic conditioned medium (ACM) was collected to treat neurons for 4, 8 and 12 h. By using Western blot, the expression of calmodulin dependent protein kinase Ⅱ (CaMK Ⅱ), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and adenylate cyclase (AC) was detected in neurons. The results showed that the expression of CaMK Ⅱ, iNOS and AC was increased significantly in the neurons treated with ACM from 4 h to 12 h (P＜0.05), and that of iNOS and AC peaked at 8 h and 12 h respectively. It was suggested that there might be some epileptogenic factors in the ACM and such signal pathways as NOS-NO-cGMP, Ca2+/CaM-CaMK Ⅱ and AC-cAMP-PKA might take part in the signal transduction of epileptogenesis.

Objective To investigate the expression of AIF, CYT C, PAF-1, caspase-3, and XIAP in Sprague-Dawley rats with spontaneous mammary neoplasms.Methods One-hundred and thirty 3-4-week old SPF Spargue-Dawley rats (♀∶♂=1∶1) were fed in a specific pathogen free (SPF) breeding barrier for 60 weeks.The occurrence of spontane-ous breast tumors was recorded and histopathology was performed to identify the types of tumors.The rats were divided into 3 groups:rats with normal breast tissue ( group I) , with benign tumors ( group II) and with malignant tumors ( group III) . The expression of AIF, CYT C, APAF-1, caspase-3 and XIAP proteins and mRNAs were detected by immunhistochemistry ( IHC) and RT-PCR assay.Results Among these 130 SD rats, 14 rats were observed having spontaneous mammary neo-plasms with the incidence rate of 10.77%(14/130).In these neoplasm cases, 7 cases were mammary fibroadenomas, 7 cases of breast carcinoma, both with an incidence rate of 5.38%.Immunohistochemistry showed that, compared with the group I, the positive expressions of AIF, APAF-1, caspase-3 were decreased significantly (P<0.01), and the CYT C and XIAP expressions were significantly increased in the group II.The positive expression of all genes except XIAP was de-creased in the group III(P<0.01).Compared with the group II, APAF-1 and XIAP were significantly higher in the group III (P<0.01), and the positive expression of AIF, Cyt C, and caspases-3 were significantly decreased (P<0.01).In the results of RT-PCR assay, except APAF-1 which showed significant correlation with the results of immunohistochemistry ( P<0.05 ) , all the others showed an extremely significant correlation with immunohistochemical results ( P <0.01 ) . Conclusions Mammary tumors are most common spontaneous neoplasms in SD rats.Abnormal expression of mitochondrial apoptotic pathway-related factors AIF, CytC, APAF-1, caspase-3, and XIAP are correlated with the carcinogenesis and de-velopment of breast tumors.