The use of the Internet big data to discriminate the early symptoms of unexpected biological events has be-come a frontier research area in biosurveillance .This paper mainly introduces the principle , method, practical applications of big data based biosurveillance , and the future development of this new research field .

Biodefense research based on modern information technology is an important supplement to traditional biode -fense capacity building and an important part of the national biodefense system in the 21st century.This article outlines the typical biodefense information systems developed in the last ten years and analyzes the development trends of this research field.It is hoped that more domestic research institutions or researchers can become interested in this field .

Due to the large population and relatively closed space environment , the subway system is vulnerable to bioterrorist attacks.This paper analyzes the technological response measures against subway bioterrorism in the United States, including Detect to Protect program of Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and PROTECTS program of Depart-ment of Energy ( DOE) .We also put forward some proposals on how to improve China′s capability of prevention of and response to subway bioterrorism .

Modeling biosecurity events based on mathematical theories to reveal the inherent mechanism can shed light on the development of biosecurity events and offer accurate scientific support to emergency preparation and response , con-tributing much to national biodefense capability .This paper reviews the applications of mathematical theories as a research and analytic tool in biosecurity and discusses the trends of development in this field .

To explore the transmission patterns and advise public health departments , this paper establishes a dynamic model on the peculiarity of avian influenza A (H7N9) virus and analyzes the dynamic feature of this type of bird flu trans-mission between humans and birds .Results show that this type of bird flu can be controled , and that closing down live-bird markets is the most effective method .

Human behavior significantly affects the spreading dynamics of infectious diseases in large populations .The study of the interplay between the adaptive behavior and the epidemic dynamics underlies the professional information release and psychological counseling mechanism and is conducive to disease control and social panic elimination .This paper aims at the investigation of the effect of adaptive behaviors on the spreading dynamics of epidemics in structured populations .We analyzed the empirical data on adaptive behavior from several large epidemics after the outbreak of SARS in 2003 and confirmed the induction effect of two main information sources on adaptive behavior , e.g., public available information and local perceived information .Then we investigated the effect of adaptive behavior on epidemic dynamics in a structured population based on two primary models , e.g., health-belief model and network model .The results showed that the individual adaptive behavior had significantly decreased the chance of infection and thus mitigated the epidemics . Human adaptive behavior has a significant effect on spreading dynamics of epidemics .An effective information release mechanism will induce human adaptive behavior and is thus conducive to control of epidemics .

Emerging large-scale epidemics not only cause heavy casualties , but have a huge impact on economy .This paper analyzes the characteristics and manners of the economic impact of emerging large -scale epidemics .Economic losses and the national economic impact of emerging large-scale epidemics are analyzed at three levels: microscopic , supply and demand , and macroscopic .Then the relationship between the these levels is discussed .This research is expected to play an important role in the construction of an appropriate economic model for analysis and calculation of economic losses of emerging large-scale epidemics , and in the formulation of the best cost-effective ratio for preventin and control measures against emerging large-scale epidemics .

Based on situation assessment of the core areas of biosecurity , this paper summarizes three typical features of biosecurity that make it different from traditional safety , abd proposes that biosecurity be regarded as a living-project of a country .A mature and powerful country has to possess sufficient capacity to ensure biosecurity .This study also analyzes the national biosecurity strategyies and practices of the United States ,which has established a national-level capacity building strategy and roadmap with clear objectives ,specified the responsibilities of each federal agency , and regulations linked up with strategic planning .Biosecurity in China is at the crossroads where crisis coexists with opportunity , making it urgent to establish the national biosecurity strategy .

Computational epidemiology is a fast-developing and interdisciplinary research area .Through comprehensive computation-analysis of multi-uncertain factors affecting the epidemic process , this method may add to our knowledge about epidemic patterns and help design reasonable response plans and emergency strategies .This article briefly summarizes the idea and theory of computational epidemiology based on related researches in the recent years , introduces the application of this method in case of smallpox bioterrorism and influenza pandemic , and predicts the development of this area .