Objective:To analyze the awareness rate of obesity risk factors among children and adoles-cents, and to provide the basis for preventing their obesity. Methods: The students selected by using stratified cluster sampling method, were measured for the body height, weight, and waist circumference, and were surveyed for the awareness rate of obesity risk factors by using the questionnaire. The distribu-tion characteristics of awareness on obesity risk factors were analyzed. Results: The awareness rate of obesity risk factors was 74 . 1%, and there was no significant difference on the awareness rate of obesity risk factors between the males [71. 2% (247/347)] and females [77. 2% (257/333)], the abdominal obesity students [73. 5% (202/275)] and non-abdominal obesity students [74. 6% (302/405)], the overall obesity students [74. 3% (185/249)] and non-overall obesity students [74. 0% (319/431)], re-spectively. However, the awareness rate of obesity risk factors among the primary school students was 81. 9% (272/332) that was higher than that of the middle school students [66. 7% (232/348)] (P<0. 05). Compared with the primary school students, the non-awareness risk of obesity risk factors would in-crease among the middle school students (OR=2. 23, P<0. 05). Conclusion:The overall awareness rate of obesity risk factors is not high among children and adolescents, especially among middle school students.

Objective: To understand and analyze the current situation and secular trends for prevalence of malnutrition among Chinese children and adolescents aged 7-18 years from 2005 to 2014, and to provide important scientific basis for students' nutrition improvement.Methods: All the subjects aged 7-18 years in both sexes were sampled from 2005, 2010 and 2014 Chinese National Surveys on Students Constitution and Health.According to the new students' health standard of Screening Standard for Malnutrition of school-age children and adolescents(WS/T456-2014) in 2014 of China, the nutritional status of children in 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities, excluding Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan province) were analyzed and compared in different ages, genders, regions and provinces from 2005 to 2014.The Tibetan students was used with the data of Tibetan minority and all the other students from 30 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) were Han minority.Results: The prevalence of malnutrition of children and adolescents of Han minority aged 7-18 years in 2014 was 10.0%.The prevalence of malnutrition components, including stunting, mild wasting and moderate severe wasting, were 0.8%, 3.7%, and 5.5%.Compared with 2005 and 2010, the prevalence of malnutrition of Han children and adolescents in 2014 had declined with 5.0 and 2.6 percentage points, respectively, and its components had declined with 1.0, 1.8, 2.2 and 0.4, 1.1, 1.2 percentage points, respectively.The prevalence of malnutrition of 2014 in boys was higher than in girls (11.1% vs.8.9%), the rural was higher than the urban (11.0% vs.9.1%) and the west (11.7%) was higher than the east (9.0%) and the middle (9.2%).Mild wasting of Chinese children and adolescents aged 7-18 years was the main component in malnutrition and the stunting in the Han and Tibetan children and adolescents only accounted for 8.0% and 7.5%, respectively.Compared with 2005 and 2010, the prevalence of malnutrition for Chinese children and adolescents aged 7-18 years in 2014 had declined with various extents constantly, and there was a statistically significant difference among three surveys (P<0.05).Provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) with high prevalence of malnutrition mainly concentrated in the southwest of China from 2005 to 2014.Compared with 2005 and 2010, the prevalence of malnutrition declined in 31 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) of China in 2014.The number of provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) with high prevalence of malnutrition decreased constantly and increased for the number of province (autonomous regions, municipalities) with low prevalence.Conclusion: The prevalence of malnutrition among Chinese children and adolescents aged 7-18 years had declined from 2005 to 2014, but the total prevalence of malnutrition was still high.Mild wasting was the main component in malnutrition and the prevalence of stunting was low.Provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) with high prevalence of malnutrition mainly concentrated in the southwest of China.

Objective: To understand epidemiological characteristics of echinococcosis among children and adolescents in Lhasa, and to provide basic data and theoretical support for echinococcosis prevention and control. Methods: The data of echinococcosis screening in Lhasa in 2017 were collected from 3-18 years old, and portable ultrasound and serum echinococcosis antibody tests were used for screening, and the diagnosis was made based on the epidemiological history and clinical manifestations. Results: The overall echinococcosis detection rate of children and adolescents aged 3-18 years in Lhasa was 0.12% (114/95 835).Among different age groups, the echinococcosis rate of children and adolescents aged 16 to 18 was the highest (0.17%). Among the population with different education levels, the echinococcosis rate of children and adolescents with primary education level was the highest (0.45%).The echinococcosis detection rate of herdsmen was the highest among different occupational groups (0.59%). Among the population with different living patterns, echinococcosis rate was the highest (0.70%) in "settled in winter and nomadic in summer" group. The rate of echinococcosis of children and adolescents were the highest in "nomadism" group and "half farming and half nomadism" group (both 0.20%) among different family production mode. Among different endemic counties, the echinococcosis detection rate of children and adolescents in Dangxiong county and Mozhugongka county were the highest, both of which are 0.18%.All the above differences are statistically significant(χ2=16.77,23.76,69.76,16.49,14.74,25.25,P<0.01).There was no significant difference in echinococcosis detection rate between boys and girls(P>0.05). Conclusion Echinococcosis is more likely to be detected in children and adolescents who are older and have a lower education level, whose production and lifestyle are involved in animal husbandry, and who live at a higher altitude. Therefore, the prevention and control of echinococcosis among children and adolescents, especially the health education, should be the focus of the government’s work.

Objective: To explore the association between watching TV and watching computer and visual acuity among children and adolescents, and to provide reference for Chinese students to choose electronic products in life and study. Methods: Subjects were from 2014 Chinese National Surveys on Students’ Constitution and Health(CNSSCH). In this survey, 213 857 Han students participated. The visual acuity results of 5 m visual acuity chart examination were recorded, and the time of completion of homework and the time of different video behaviors were investigated. Results: The incidence of reduced vision acuity among Chinese students increases with the time spent on homework and computer(χ2=3 748.99, 949.39, P<0.01).And it decreased as time spent at the computer increased(χ2=2 725.08, P<0.01). It was found that the incidence of poor vision of students who watched TV for a long time was lower(61.81%), followed by those who watched TV and watched computer for the same time(70.62%), and those who watched computer for a long time(79.03%). The results were statistically significant(χ2=4 862.43, P<0.01). The results of multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that compared with the students who watched TV for a long time, the students who watched TV for the same time and watched computer for a long time were more likely to have poor vision(OR=1.17, 1.21, P<0.01). Conclusion When using electronic products, the preference of watching large electronic screens is conducive to reducing the impact of video behavior on students' eyesight.

Objective: To investigate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) among children and adolescents aged 10-16 years old in 7 provinces in China. Methods: Using the method of stratified cluster random sampling, 93 primary and secondary schools were selected from Guangdong, Hunan, Liaoning, Shanghai, Chongqing, Tianjin, and Ningxia provinces in China. A total of 9 296 students aged 10-16 years old with complete physical and biochemical parameters were selected as the subjects of the present study from above 93 primary and secondary schools. MS was determined using the definition of 'guideline of 2010 Chinese children and adolescents MS definition and treatment’. The standardized age-sex composition of the 2010 census was used to standardize the MS detection rate of every province. Chi-square test was used to compare the difference of MS prevalence among participants with different characteristics. Results: The prevalence of MS was 4.1% (384/9 296) among children and adolescents aged 10-16 years old in 7 provinces in China. The prevalence of MS among males was 5.0% (237/4 754), which was significantly higher than females (3.2%) (147/4 542) (P<0.05). Stratified by nutrition conditions, the prevalence of MS was 0, 0.6% (39/6 733), 8.9% (104/1 170), 30.0% (241/803) for thin, normal weight, overweight, and obese population, respectively. The MS prevalence increased with the increase of body mass index (BMI) (P<0.001). Stratified by provinces, the prevalence of MS was the highest in Tianjin (9.2%) and the lowest in Hunan province (0.8%). Conclusion The prevalence of MS was high among children and adolescents aged 10-16 years old in 7 provinces in China. MS prevalence among males was higher than females; MS prevalence among overweight/obese population was higher than normal weight population. The detection rate of metabolic syndrome was different in different provinces.

Objective: To investigate the associations between the appendicular skeletal muscle mass index and main anthropometric parameters, and to provide clues for preventing the reduction of skeletal muscle mass among overweight and obese adults in China. Methods: 1 488 volunteered participants who resided in Beijing longer than one year, between 22 and 55 years old, with self-report BMI ≥24 kg/m² were recruited from April to May 2014. 171 participants whose BMI ≤24 kg/m² or with organic diseases at the first physical examination were excluded, finally 1 317 overweight/obese participants (male and female were 507, and 810, respectively) were enrolled into the present study. After measuring the anthropometric parameters and body composition by the DXA, Pearson correlation analysis and multiple linear regression models were used to analyze the associations between the appendicular skeletal muscle mass index and main anthropometric parameters. Results: The average age of males and females was (35.6±8.4) and (38.2±9.4) years old, respectively. The females' mean levels of body fat percentage, BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference, and bone mineral density were (41.59±4.14)%, (29.00±3.75) kg/m², (92.56±9.00) cm, (101.74±6.75) cm, and (1.20±0.10) g/cm², respectively; and the males' mean levels were (34.22±4.61)%, (30.07±4.12) kg/m², (99.63±9.49) cm, (102.93±7.28) cm, and (1.28±0.11) g/cm², respectively. The mean level of appendicular skeletal muscle mass and skeletal muscle mass index in males were (26.98±3.88), and (8.96±1.02) kg, respectively, which were significantly higher than it in females ((18.57±2.61), and (7.26±0.83) kg, respectively) (P<0.001). For male, the correlation coefficients of skeletal muscle mass index with BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference, body fat percentage and bone mineral density were 0.814, 0.601, 0.637, 0.558, and 0.434, respectively; for female, the correlation coefficients of skeletal muscle mass index with BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference, body fat rate and bone mineral density were 0.761, 0.534, 0.585, 0.610, and 0.304, respectively. The correlations were statistically significant (P<0.001). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the skeletal muscle mass index of male decreased with the increase of age (β=-0.01, 95%CI:-0.01-0.00) and body fat percentage (β=-0.13, 95%CI:-0.15--0.12) (P<0.05), while increased with the increase of BMI (β=0.31, 95%CI: 0.29-0.32) and bone mineral density (β=0.54, 95%CI: 0.10-1.01) (P<0.05). The skeletal muscle mass index of female decreased with the increase of age (β=-0.01, 95%CI:-0.01-0.00) and body fat percentage (β=-0.12, 95%CI:-0.14--0.12) (P<0.05), while increased with the increase of BMI (β=0.26, 95%CI: 0.25-0.28) and hip circumference (β=0.01, 95%CI: 0.00-0.02) (P<0.05). Conclusion The skeletal muscle mass index of male was higher than it of female. For male, the skeletal muscle mass index might be associated with age, BMI, body fat percentage and bone mineral density. While for female, the skeletal muscle mass index might be associated with age, BMI, body fat percentage and hip circumference.

Objective To analyze the influence factors of body image dissatisfaction among children and adolescents with normal weight. Methods The primary and middle school students who were selected from Changping district of Bejing city using the stratified cluster sampling method were measured body height, weight, and waist circumference. Body image cognitive attitude of students or their parents was surveyed using 'Ma figural shape'. The cognitive attitude of obesity risk factors was surveyed by self-designed questionnaires. The students with normal weight were selected according to 'reference norm for screening overweight and obesity in Chinese children and adolescents(WGOC) in 2005' and 'reference norm for screening underweight in Chinese children and adolescents aged 6-19 years'. The association between body image dissatisfaction and cognitive attitude of obesity risk factors was analyzed for each gender. Results The study validly surveyed and measured 680 students, and there were 36.6%(249/680)students with overweight or obesity, 4.0%(27/680) students with underweight, and 59.4%(404/680) students with normal weight. Prevalence of body image satisfaction, expecting to be thinner, and to be fatter in students with normal weight was 32.7%(132/404), 35.1%(142/404), and 32.2%(130/404), respectively. The prevalence of expecting to be thinner in females and middle students was higher than that in males and primary students (46.4%(102/220) vs 21.8%(40/184)), (39.8%(88/221) vs 29.5%(54/183)), respectively;χ2 values were 26.65 and 4.67 respectively(P<0.05). The prevalence of expecting to be fatter in males was higher than that in females((42.9%(79/184) vs 23.2%(51/220)) (χ2=17.91, P<0.001). The concordance ratio on body image cognitive attitude between students and their parent was 60.4%(244/404), and the consistency coefficient was 0.41(P<0.001). The factors including parents expecting their children to be thinner, the negative attitude on less drinking sugary beverages and having breakfast per day might increase the risks of children expecting to be thinner in males, the OR(95%CI) value were 5.20(1.51-17.89), 3.43(1.11-10.59), and 6.53 (1.14-37.58), respectively. The parents expecting their children to be fatter might increase the risk of children expecting to be fatter in males, the OR(95%CI)value were 7.57(3.47-16.52). The factors including parents expecting their children to be thinner, and the positive attitude on less eating high calorie snacks might increase the risk of children expecting to be thinner in females, the OR(95%CI) value were 65.74 (8.45-511.21) and 3.03(1.01-9.09), respectively. The parents expecting their children to be thinner or fatter might increase the risk of children expecting to be fatter in females, the OR(95%CI) value were 17.38 (1.53-197.74) and 9.64(3.98-23.35), respectively. Conclusion The prevalence of body image dissatisfaction among students with normal weight was high, and the concordance ratio on body image cognitive attitude between themselves and their parents was low. Guiding students to have the correct cognitive attitude on less drinking sugary beverages, having breakfast per day, and less eating high calorie snacks may be conducive to prevent body image dissatisfaction.

Objective To analyze the influence factors of body image dissatisfaction among children and adolescents with normal weight. Methods The primary and middle school students who were selected from Changping district of Bejing city using the stratified cluster sampling method were measured body height, weight, and waist circumference. Body image cognitive attitude of students or their parents was surveyed using 'Ma figural shape'. The cognitive attitude of obesity risk factors was surveyed by self-designed questionnaires. The students with normal weight were selected according to 'reference norm for screening overweight and obesity in Chinese children and adolescents(WGOC) in 2005' and 'reference norm for screening underweight in Chinese children and adolescents aged 6-19 years'. The association between body image dissatisfaction and cognitive attitude of obesity risk factors was analyzed for each gender. Results The study validly surveyed and measured 680 students, and there were 36.6%(249/680)students with overweight or obesity, 4.0%(27/680) students with underweight, and 59.4%(404/680) students with normal weight. Prevalence of body image satisfaction, expecting to be thinner, and to be fatter in students with normal weight was 32.7%(132/404), 35.1%(142/404), and 32.2%(130/404), respectively. The prevalence of expecting to be thinner in females and middle students was higher than that in males and primary students (46.4%(102/220) vs 21.8%(40/184)), (39.8%(88/221) vs 29.5%(54/183)), respectively;χ2 values were 26.65 and 4.67 respectively(P<0.05). The prevalence of expecting to be fatter in males was higher than that in females((42.9%(79/184) vs 23.2%(51/220)) (χ2=17.91, P<0.001). The concordance ratio on body image cognitive attitude between students and their parent was 60.4%(244/404), and the consistency coefficient was 0.41(P<0.001). The factors including parents expecting their children to be thinner, the negative attitude on less drinking sugary beverages and having breakfast per day might increase the risks of children expecting to be thinner in males, the OR(95%CI) value were 5.20(1.51-17.89), 3.43(1.11-10.59), and 6.53 (1.14-37.58), respectively. The parents expecting their children to be fatter might increase the risk of children expecting to be fatter in males, the OR(95%CI)value were 7.57(3.47-16.52). The factors including parents expecting their children to be thinner, and the positive attitude on less eating high calorie snacks might increase the risk of children expecting to be thinner in females, the OR(95%CI) value were 65.74 (8.45-511.21) and 3.03(1.01-9.09), respectively. The parents expecting their children to be thinner or fatter might increase the risk of children expecting to be fatter in females, the OR(95%CI) value were 17.38 (1.53-197.74) and 9.64(3.98-23.35), respectively. Conclusion The prevalence of body image dissatisfaction among students with normal weight was high, and the concordance ratio on body image cognitive attitude between themselves and their parents was low. Guiding students to have the correct cognitive attitude on less drinking sugary beverages, having breakfast per day, and less eating high calorie snacks may be conducive to prevent body image dissatisfaction.

OBJECTIVETo analyze the differences in anthropometric measurements between Mongolia and Han girls and understand the characteristics of their physical development in two ethnic groups.

METHODSThe data on anthropometric measurements of Mongolia and Han girls aged 9-17 years in Inner Mongolia were obtained from the Chinese National Survey on Student's Constitution and Health (CNSSCH) in 2010, and the data included body height, sitting height, chest circumference, weight, triceps skinfold thickness (TST), scapular skinfold thickness (SST), abdominal skinfold thickness (AST), and having menarche or not. The girls were divided into two groups according to having menarche or not, and the differences in anthropometric measurements between Mongolia and Han girls were analyzed for the two groups, respectively.

RESULTSThe proportions of Mongolia girls (9-17 years) who have experienced menarche was higher than that of Han girls (67.6%,1 049/1 553) vs (62.9%,1 837/2 922) (χ² = 9.17, P = 0.002). In girls without menarche (9-14 years), sitting height, AST, and BMI in Mongolia girls was 0.5 cm, 1.6 mm, and 0.4 kg/m², respectively, which were higher than those in Han girls (all P < 0.05). In girls who have experienced menarche (11-17 years), height and SST in Han girls was 0.8 cm, and 1.0 mm, respectively, which were higher than those in Mongolia girls (all P values < 0.01); TST, AST and BMI in Mongolia girls were 0.9 mm, 2.9 mm, and 0.3 kg/m², respectively, which were higher than those in Han girls (all P values < 0.05), respectively.

CONCLUSIONBody AST and BMI in Mongolia girls are higher than those in Han girls, while body height in Han girls is better than that in Mongolia girls after menarche. The differences of physical development between Mongolia girls and Han girls might be different before and after experiencing menarche.

Adolescent ; Anthropometry ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Body Height ; Body Mass Index ; Body Weight ; Body Weights and Measures ; Child ; China ; Female ; Humans ; Menarche ; Skinfold Thickness

Objective: To investigate consistency of whole-body muscle mass (WBMM) assessed using multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (MF-BIA) and dual energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) measurement, and to delvelop the correction regression formulas for the method of MF-BIA. Methods: 1 488 participants who resided in Beijing longer than one year, under 22 to 55 years of age, with self-report BMI ≥24 kg/m² were voluntarily recruited based on convenience sampling in Beijing, from April 1^st 2014 to May 2^nd 2014. After excluded 171 participants who BMI ≤24 kg/m² or with organic diseases when physical examination, Finally 1 317 overweight/obese participants were enrolled into the current study. All the subjects received the measurement of WBMM using both MF-BIA and DXA methods. The paired-samples T test was used to compare the difference of measurement values between MF-BIA and DXA methods. We evaluated the agreement of WBMM measured by MF-BIA and DXA using the interclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and the Bland-Altman plots, and using linear regression method established correction regression formulas. Results: The differences of overweight male, obese male, overweight female, and obese female were (3.29 ± 1.94), (2.05 ± 2.65), (0.17 ± 1.85), and (-2.22 ± 2.89) kg between methods of MF-BIA and DXA, respectively; Except the overweight female, the others groups had the statistically significant difference (P<0.05). The ICC for overweight male, obese male, overweight female, and obese female were 0.958, 0.956, 0.911, and 0.851, respectively (P<0.001). Bland-Altman plots showed that the limit of agreement for four groups were -0.51-7.09, -3.14-7.24, -3.46-3.80, and -7.88-3.44 kg, respectively. Correction regression formulas: overweight male population: y_DXA=-0.648+ 0.952 x_MF-BIA; obese male population: y_DXA=-3.646 + 1.026x_MF-BIA; overweight female groups: y_DXA=-4.800 + 1.117 x_MF-BIA; obese female group: y_DXA=-9.884+ 1.287x_MF-BIA. Conclusion The correlation and agreement of WBMM measured by the methods of BIA and DXA were relative weak in Chinese excess weight male and obese female adults. Therefore, measuring WBMM by MF-BIA method in these adults should be corrected to reduce bias compared with the DXA method.