To study the characteristics and preventive methods of road traffic accidents (RTA) in different regions of Chongqing, 2 police teams of traffic management in downtown, 2 teams at the arban suburb junction, 1 team in the county and 1 freeway team were selected randomly, and RTA occurring in the respective listrict, above middle RTA between 1988 to 1997 were investigated and analyzed. In a total of 13121 cases of RTA, there were 6201 RTA with casualties, 14 catastrophic RTA, and 977 serious RTA. In these RTA there were 1086 deaths, 3165 severely wounded and 7327 mildly wounded. Pedestrians and passenger weres constituted 44 0% and 42 5% of total casualties respectively. 57 9% of severely wounded and deaths occurred in pedestrians. As a whole,there was a tendency of rise in RTA every year, having a significant characteristic of time distribution. The majority RTA occurring in Chongqing was related with violation of driving regulations and recklessness in crossing roads. causes of RTA, time distribution and casualties were different in different regions. In order to decreese the rate of RTA,it is deemed essential to enhance propaganda to raise the awareness of traffic accidents and to reinforce traffic management appropriate for respective district of the city.

Objective To analyze the risk factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia(VAP)in children after cardiopulmonary bypass(CPB).Methods Between January 2003 and June 2010,116 consecu tive cases receiving postoperative ventilation for more than 48 hours were included in this study.The patients were assigned into a VAP group(n =57)and non-YAP group(n =59).Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to identify the risk factors.Results The overall incidence of VAP was 4.18％(57/1 365).The mortality of VAP was 26.32％(15/57).Univariate risk factors included severe pulmonary hypertension,CPB time,aortic cross-clamping time,secondary CPB support,plasma albumin,low ratio of ar terial oxygen tension to inspired oxygen fraction(PaO2/FiO2),mechanical ventilation time,the volume of postoperative drainage per kilogram of body weight,re-intubations,tracheotomy,gastric tube retention,pre vention of stress ulcer.Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that risk factors included CPB time≥150 min,mechanical veritilation time ≥4 d,the volume of postoperative drainage per kilogram of body weight ≥ 18 ml and tracheotomy.A total of 90 pathogens were obtained by sputum culture in 57 VAP patients.There were 54 cases(60.0％)gram negative bacilli,32 cases(35.6％)of gram positive bacilli and 4 cases (4.4％)of eumycetes.Conclusion These results suggest that the patients with risk factors described above need more careful and postoperative surveillance and management.

Objective To investigate the diagnostic value of color Doppler ultrasonography in congenital muscular torticollis (CMT). Methods The sonographic characteristics of 62 children with CMT confirmed clinically were retrospectively analyzed. Results Abnormal ultrasound features could be visualized in all of 62 children with CMT. According to the sonogram features, 62 children were divided into 2 types: mass-forming (32/62, 51.61%) and diffuse type (30/62, 48.39%). Arterial flow signals were detected in 18 children (18/62, 29.03%); RI was 0.73-0.88. Conclusion Ultrasonography has specific value for the diagnosis of CMT.

Objective To investigate the influence of intensive insulin therapy on the short-term prognosis in children after cardiac surgery.Methods A total of 320 children including 192 males and 128 females who underwent cardiac surgery were enrolled in this study from Jan 2009 to Dec 2010 at the cardiac surgery department of Chengdu cardiovascular hospital.The age of these children ranged from 3 months to 12years old.According to insulin administration time and blood glucose control level,they were randomly divided into two groups.In group A,there were 165 patients who received continuous insulin infusion to maintain postoperative gloucose levels between 4.4 and 6.1 mmol/L,while 155 patients in group B received insulin infusion when their glucose levels were higher than 11.1 mmol/L to control the levels between 6.1 and 11.1 mmol/L.Then the postoperative complications and blood glucose controlling were compared and analyzed.Results A total of 320 children were enrolled,and 4 800 recorded data were analyzed.The mean blood glucose level was (5.58 ±0.54) mmol/L in group A and (7.73 ±0.85) mmol/L in group B (P ＜0.01 ),and both of them were controlled within the target range.The incidence of hypoglycemia ( ＜3.3 mmor/L) was 1.65％ (38/2310)in group A and 1.04％ (26/2490) in group B.The incidence of severe hypoglycemia ( ＜2.2 mmol/L) was 0.13 ％ ( 3/2 310 ) in group A and 0.08 ％ ( 2/2 490 ) in group B.The incidences of hypoglycemia and severe hypoglycemia were significantly increased in group A compared to group B ( P ＜0.01 ).The incidence of infection in group A was lower than that in group B [3.03％ (5/165) vs 9.68％ (15/155),P ＜0.05],but there was no significant difference between the two groups in the incidences of malignant arrhythmia,circulation failure or shock,multiple organ dysfunctive syndrome and mortality.Conclusion Intensive insulin therapy can't improve the short-term prognosis in children after cardiac surgery.

Objective To study factors influencing injury severity of expressway traffic acci- dents. Methods Data of expressway traffic accidents involving casualties in areas around Hangzhou during 2005-2006 were collected and analyzed by non-conditional simple and multiple logistic regression analysis. Results (1) During 2005-2006, there were 220 traffic crashes involving 327 eases, of which there were 64 deaths (19.6%), 121 severe injuries (37.0%, ISS≥16 points) and 142 slight and mod- erate injuries (43.4%, 1 point≤ ISS≤15 points). (2) Non-conditional simple logistic regression analy- sis showed that risk factors significantly influencing the injury outcomes of traffic accidents included gen- der, weekday, weather, type of collision, vehicle type, driver category, purpose of vehicle use, purpose of travel and crash responsibility. (3) Non-conditional multiple logistic regression analysis manifested that influential factors were gender, type of collision, driver category and crash respensibihty. Conclu- sion Analysis of expressway traffic accidents data helps identify factors influencing injury severity of ex- pressway traffic accidents may provide suggestions for prevention or decrease of expressway traffic acci- dents.

Objective To develop a special seismic trauma database that could record and analyze the data including injuries, trauma cares and outcomes. Methods (1) The items and content of the database were determined based on the method of evidence-based medicine. (2)The fields, tables, items and options of the seismic trauma database were designed. (3) The database software was developed based on dot net framework platform, with C# as programming language. (4)The database was used to record and manage data of injuries caused by 5.12 earthquake. Results The Seismic Trauma Database Version 1.0 was developed with 728 fields (including 380 inner fields) and normative content and structure. The database software could record 10 aspects of the seismic patients including basic information, injuries, transfer and evacuation, clinical medical care, outcome and discharge. The database software had combination, custom queries and meta-analysis functions. Conclusions This database software can conveniently and normally record and manage the information of the seismic patients, can systemize and analyze the data conveniently and is an excellent data platform for trauma care research and epidemiologic study of seismic injuries.

In order to compare the effects of several experimental renal calcium oxalate stones formation models in rats and to find a simple and convenient model with significant effect of calcium oxalate crystals deposition in the kidney, several rat models of renal calcium oxalate stones formation were induced by some crystal-inducing drugs (CID) including ethylene glycol (EG), ammonium chloride (AC), vitamin D(3)[1alpha(OH)VitD(3), alfacalcidol], calcium gluconate, ammonium oxalate, gentamicin sulfate, L-hydroxyproline. The rats were fed with drugs given singly or unitedly. At the end of experiment, 24-h urines were collected and the serum creatinine (Cr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), the extents of calcium oxalate crystal deposition in the renal tissue, urinary calcium and oxalate excretion were measured. The serum Cr levels in the stone-forming groups were significantly higher than those in the control group except for the group EG+L-hydroxyproline, group calcium gluconate and group oxalate. Blood BUN concentration was significantly higher in rats fed with CID than that in control group except for group EG+L-hydroxyproline and group ammonium oxalate plus calcium gluconate. In the group of rats administered with EG plus Vitamin D(3), the deposition of calcium oxalate crystal in the renal tissue and urinary calcium excretion were significantly greater than other model groups. The effect of the model induced by EG plus AC was similar to that in the group induced by EG plus Vitamin D(3). EG plus Vitamin D(3) or EG plus AC could stably and significantly induced the rat model of renal calcium oxalate stones formation.

Objective To investigate the correlation between plasma cystatin C (CysC) level and carotid atherosclerotic plaque in patients with ischemic stroke.Methods The clinical data in patients with acute ischemic stroke were analyzed retrospectively.According to the results of carotid artery ultrasound,the patients were divided into either a non-plaque group or a plaque group.Then the plaque group was redivided into a stable plaque subgroup and a vulnerable plaque subgroup.Multivariate logistic regression analysis and Pearson correlation analysis were used to explore the risk factors for carotid atherosclerotic plaque.Results A total of 226 patients with acute ischemic stroke were enrolled,172 of them had carotid plaque,and 54 had no plaque.Of the patients with carotid plaque,94 were stable plaque and 78 were vulnerable plaque.The age (71.82 ± 9.94 years vs.60.74 ± 13.81 years; t =6.160,P =0.014),proportion of patients with ischemic heart disease (11.6％ vs.1.9％; x2=6.169,P=0.020),systolic blood pressure (148.770± 21.007 mm Hg vs.142.240 ± 19.404 mm Hg; t =2.029,t =0.044),plasma CysC concentration (1.046 ± 0.438 mg/L vs.0.860 ±0.214 mg/L; t =3.006,P =0.003),and carotid IMT (1.122 ±0.278 mm vs.0.878 ±0.250 mm; t =5.762,P=0.000) in the plaque group were significantly higher than those in the non-plaque group.Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the age (odds ratio [OR] 1.079,95％ confidence interval [CI] 1.044-1.116; P=0.000) and IMT (OR 31.450,95％ CI 6.233-158.692; P=0.000) was the independent risk factor for carotid plaque,while there was no significant independent correlation between the plasma CysC level and carotid plaque (P =0.217).Only IMT in the stable plaque subgroup was significantly higher than the vulnerable plaque group (1.176 ±0.285 mm vs.1.058 ±0.258 mm; t =-2.824,P =0.005),and it was the independent protective factor for the carotid plaque stability (OR 0.195,95％ CI 0.059-0.064; P =0.007).Pearson correlation analysis showed that the plasma CysC level was positively correlated with the age (r =0.375,P =0.000) and serum creatinine level (r =0.462,P =0.000),but it was not significantly correlated with carotid IMT (r =0.075,P =0.264).Conclusions In patients with ischemic stroke,no correlations were found between the plasma CysC level and carotid atherosclerotic plaque,plaque stability,and IMT.

Objective To develop a device for stretch-induced injury to cultured cells and measure the injury parameters.It makes possible to observe the changes of cell configuration and function directly after injury. Methods The device was developed based on aero-dynamical principle,and consisted of mini-type air compressor,electromagnetic valve,pressure transmitter,PGA amplifier,A/D converter and computer.The computer can accurately control the injury parameters.A new method and device were first introduced to measure the deformation rate and deformation degree of silastic membrance in the stretch induced cultured cell injury process.The device controlled by the computer was used to cause the astrocyte injury.The degree of cell injury was assessed qualitatively by electron microscopy,and quantitatively by lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) enzyme release and trypan blue staining.Results The experiment results showed that the injury of different levels could be reproduced by our device under the injury parameters we set.Conclusion The injury device and the measuring system meet the requirements of our design.The results suggested that the new device and the method were much better than those reported in foreign literature.It has the advantages of simple and convenient manipulation,high precision and real-time processing.It can be used for the cell-level experiment research.

BACKGROUND:Alveolar distraction osteogenesis is an important method for treating alveolar bone atrophy, the osteogenesis process and biomechanics play a crucial role in the fol owing implantation and repair. At present, no related experimental studies are found.
OBJECTIVE:To analyze the biomechanical and histological characteristics of alveolar distraction osteogenesis in a canine model.
METHODS:Twelve adult mongrel canines received premolars extraction and alveoloplasty in mandible to establish an atrophy alveolar model. After 3 months, a segmental alveolar osteotomy was performed in the randomly selected unilateral atrophy alveolar and two intra-osseous distractors were placed. After a 7-days latency period, the alveolar ridge was augmented at a rate of 1.0 mm/d for 5 days. After a consolidation of 1, 2, and 3 months, the canines were sacrificed and the specimens of the distracted alveolar bone were harvested for clinical, radiographic, histological and biomechanical analysis.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The alveolar distractors obtained good healing with surrounding tissue. The atrophy alveolar bones were augmented for (4.80±0.50) mm and (5.12±0.47) mm by clinical and radiographic findings immediately after distraction, respectively. The bone trabeculae in the distracted chamber matured from 1 to 3 months of consolidation by histological analysis. The shearing force of alveolar distraction chamber increased from 1 to 3 months. After 3 months’ consolidation, the shearing force of distracted chamber was comparable to host bone. The histological and biomechanical property of distracted alveolar chamber is comparable to host bone after 3 months’ consolidation.