Objective To study the expression of mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR)in ischemic postconditioning(I-postC)-induced attenuation of ischemia/reperfusion(I/R)injury in rat skeletal muscle.Methods A total of 48 healthy male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups(n=16 each group):I/R group(4-hour ischemia followed by 12-or 24-hour reperfusion),ischemic preconditioning (IPC)group(3 cycles of 5-minute ischemia followed by 5-minute reperfusion),and I-postC group(3 cycles of 1-minute reperfusion followed by 1-minute ischemia).The rat model of I/R injury in right hind limb model was established by clamping the right femoral artery.The changes in the morphology,wet-to-dry weight ratio(W/D),malondialdehyde(MDA),and myeloperoxidase(MPO)in skeletal muscle were compared.The expression of mTOR was detected by Western blot and immunohistochemistry.Results In I-postC and IPC groups,the skeletal muscle edema was less severe,the levels of MDA and MPO significantly decreased,and the expression of mTOR significantly in creased,compared with I/R group(all P＜0.03).There was no significant difference between I-postC and IPC groups.Conclusion Ipostc may attenuate I/R injury in rat hind limbs by activating mTOR signal pathway,which is similar to the mechanism of IPC.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the association of the CYP19A1 rs7176005 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) with breast cancer risk and with clinicopathologic features of tumors. Methods: This study was conducted by including 138 patients with breast cancer (cancer group), those who diagnosed as primary breast cancer after operation by pathology. There were 293 cases in the group of benign breast disease which was presented as a solid mass by the color ultrasound and pathologically diagnosed as "fibroadenoma or adenosis" (benign breast disease group), the cases were paired with breast cancer patients by age±5 in the same period, and there were 259 cases in the group of healthy control who received routine physical examination during the same period and were paired with breast cancer patients by age±5 without any detection of breast related diseases (healthy control group) at West China hospital between September 2012 and November 2016. The CYP19A1 rs7176005 SNP was detected by a direct sequencing method. Hardy-Weinberg test was used to analyze the genetic balance of the 3 groups. Chi square test was used to compare the distribution of rs7176005 genotypes between the 3 groups, and the differences of clinicopathological features in breast cancer patients carrying different genotypes. Results: The ages of the breast cancer cases, the benign breast disease group and the healthy control group were (44.69±8.09), (42.33±11.44) and (41.92±9.61) years old, respectively. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium test identified that the composition ratios of alleles C and T in breast cancer group, benign breast disease group and healthy group were not statistically significant (χ² values were 0.83, 0.34 and 0.04, respectively, P values were 0.363, 0.561, and 0.852, respectively). All the three groups met the genetic balance, had consistency and could represent the population. Among the 138 cases of breast cancer, the CYP19A1 rs7176005 SNP was significantly associated with the diameter of the tumor (P=0.031). The majority of tumor size was <2 cm in patients who carrying TT and CT genotypes, and the proportion was 75% (12/16) and 58% (40/69), respectively. While those patients with TT genotype were mainly >2 cm and ≤5 cm, and the proportion was 51% (27/53). The distribution of TNM stage among patients with different genotypes was also statistically significant (χ²=11.19, P=0.025). The most common stage was Ⅱ in Patients who carrying CC and CT genotypes, and the proportion was 45.3% (24/53) and 52.2% (36/69), respectively. While those patients with TT genotype was mainly in stage Ⅰ and the proportion was 56.3% (9/16). Conclusion Though the CYP19A1 rs7176005 SNP is not associated with breast cancer development, breast cancer patients with the C allele exhibit a high tumor growth rate and large diameters.

Insulin therapy plays an essential role in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. However, frequent injections required to effectively control the glycemic levels lead to substantial inconvenience and low patient compliance. In order to improve insulin delivery, many efforts have been made, such as developing the nanoparticles (NPs)-based release systems and oral insulin. Although some improvements have been achieved, the ultimate results are still unsatisfying and none of insulin-loaded NPs systems have been approved for clinical use so far. Recently, nano‒protein interactions and protein corona formation have drawn much attention due to their negative influence on the