Functional imaging is a newly arisen interdisciplinary subject compared with the routine radiology displaying anatomy and morphology of lesions. It can exhibit the function-changed information, such as blood flow and metabolism of organs and tissues as visual images or data to provide organizational functions and metabolic information, which makes early diagnosis, more accurate orientation, qualitative definition, and also the prognosis judgment. The ophthalmologists should pay more attention to the functional imaging applications in the field of neuro-ophthalmology.

Objective To investigate the value of CT and MRI in diagnosing nasopharyngeal angiofibromas.Methods 18 cases of nasopharyngeal angiofibromas were retrospectively analyzed including the location, density ,signal intensity, extension of tumors and changes of surrounding bones.Results 16 cases located in the area around sphenopalatine foramen. 6 cases exhibited homogeneous density on CT scans(6/11 cases) and 12 cases displayed inhomogeneous signal intensity on MR scans(12/14 cases). All the Fourteen MRI examinations revealed vice signal by vessels, inhomogeneous enhancement and extensive invasion along the foramina or fissures.Conclusion MRI not only determines the location and traces out the extension of nasopharyngeal angiofibroma more exactly, but also displayes its diagnostic signal fashion. Namely MRI has greater value in diagnosing this tumor than CT.

Objective To investigate the characteristics and value of nasal area-distance curves.Methods Based on data from CT images, nasal cavity cross-sectional areas in 60 volunteers were reconstructed. The size of each nasal airway and the distance from nostril to the corresponding cross-sectional area were measured. Area-distance curves were then established according to data obtained. t test was used to analysis the data. Results Three types of curves were found and categorized according to their shapes.Type Ⅰ consisted of 56 sides (46.7%) ,type Ⅱ 40 sides(33.3%), and type Ⅲ 24 sides (20. 0% ). Forcurves of nasal valve area, smooth type was seen in 86 sides (71.7%), and concave type in 34 sides(28.3%). Curves in area of inferior turbinate head were seen with shallow notch(48 sides,40.0%) ,deep notch (54 sides,45.0%), and no notch( 18 sides,15.0% ). Curves in area of middle turbinate head wereseen with shallow notch (31 sides, 25.8%), deep notch (38 sides, 31.7%), and no notch ( 51 sides,42. 5% ). Nasal minimal cross-sectional area was located at nasal valve area in76 sides (63.3%), head of inferior turbinate in 26 sides ( 21.7% ), region anterior to nasal valve in 15 sides ( 12. 5% ), head ofmiddle turbinate in 1 side, and region anterior to choana in 2 sides. The cross-sectional area at nasal valve in men and women were (197.9 ±41.2) and (151.2 ±35.5) mm2, respectively. The cross-sectional area at choana in men and women were (361.8±97.9) and (296.3 ± 81.8) mm2, respectively. There wassignificant difference between men and women at both sites (t = 4.707 and 0. 007, P ＜ 0.01). The distance from nostril to nasal valve in men and women were (14. 0 ± 2.4) and ( 11.8 ± 2. 9) mm, which presented significant difference, too (t = 3. 232,P ＜ 0. 01). Conclusions CT nasal area-distance curve varied with individual, CT may provide information for evaluating nasal passage on individual basis

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of skin rash caused by epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI).Methods The clinical randomized controlled trials of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of EGFR-TKI-induced skin rash which published in domestic journals were selected.The quality assessment of included literature was made by Jadad score,RevMan 5.2 software was used to make Meta-analysis.Results A total of 6 studies met the inclusion criteria,the 6 studies included 248 patients,133 cases in the treatment group,115 cases in the control group.All patients were 30 to 75 years old.Compared with the control group,the combined OR value of the clinical efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of EGFR-TKIinduced rash was 7.51,with 95 ％ confidence interval 4.46-12.65.Conclusions Meta-analysis shows that the clinical efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of EGFR-TKI-induced skin rash is better than Western medicine,and no adverse reactions.It can be widely used in clinical practice.

Objective To investigate the characteristics of the morphological changes of the lens and related structures of human eyes before and after accommodation by magnetic resonance imaging(MRI). Design Prospective case series. Participants Healthy volunteers. Methods Eleven eyes of 8 healthy volunteers were measured by MRI before and after accommodation. Main Outcome Measures Thickness and sectional area of lens,anterior chamber depth,axial length. Results The thickness and section area of lens,anterior chamber depth,axial length was 3.51?0.20 mm,22.89?1.82 mm2,3.54?0.27 mm,23.91?0.90 mm before accommodation,and 3.73? 0.34 mm,23.17?1.66 mm2,3.29?0.32 mm,23.82?1.07 mm after accommodation. The thickness of lens and anterior chamber depth were significantly higher difference after accommodation(t=3.563,P=0.007; t=4.804,P=0.001). Conclusion As a useful tool of biometric measurement,MRI showed the morphological characteristics of the lens and related structures of human eyes,in an accomodated enviroment,and thus might play an important role in related researches.

Object To study the growth speed and dynamic spore production of CY-8202, which is an asexual strain of entomopathogenic fungi isloated from Cordyceps sinensis (Berk.) Sacc., to explore the method of artificial culture of CY-8208 strain, to assay its antibiotic activity and spectrem and to provide the experimental basis for studies of its active components. Methods Variations in colony diameter of the cordyceps hypha cultured on the fungi media were measured. The spore-count was used to determine the dynamic colony spore outputs of the hypha on several fungi media and water agar. The agar-piece method was used to test its antibiotic activity.Results There were linear relationships between the colony extensions and the culture times on common fungi media such as PDA medium, etc.. The amounts of spore produced by the single colony of the fungi were more than 10 7 and gradually increased, but the rates of increase tended to be gentle after 200 h. Antimicrobial tests against 22 microbial strains showed strong inhibition of gram positve bacteria including Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus tetragenus and Staphylococcus albus, and to gram negative bacteria, including Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella typhi, Aerobacter aerogenes and Salmonella sp., as well as weak inhibition of three mold strains and one actinomycetes strain, but no inhibition was observed in four yeast tested.Conclusion The growth activity and the spore-production ability of Cordyceps hypha are two important factors to infect validly its insect-host. For the growth activity, its strong penetration seems more important than its fast growth. The ability to product numerous spores of Cordyceps hypha may be an important mark of its strong infectivity to insect-host. The antimicrobial tests show that CY-8202 may secrete some metabolites which have a more broad-spectrum antibacterial activity than cordycepin isolated initially from Cordyceps militaris.

A non spore fungal strain designated as CR 9512 was isolated from a species of Cordyceps , found in Northern Guangdong of China The growth characteristics and the morphology of the organism were studied It was initially identified as Rhizoctonia sp ,Agonomycetales Its antimicrobial tests, against 26 strains of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, actinomycetes, filamentous fungi and yeast, showed strong inhibition to some yeast of Rhodotorula, Saccharomyces, Pichia and Cryptococcus , and weak inhibition to yeast of Candida The speciality on a limited spectrum anti yeast of the organism will show an enormous value for researches and applications

Objective:To study the serological reactions in cynomolgus monkeys infected with hepatitis B virus ( HBV). Methods:To select 1 to 3 days old or adult healthy cynomolgus monkeys by artificial breeding to observe the virology screening in laboratory a month to confirmed healthy animals ,randomly divided into control group and infection group .Infection group vaccination serum HBV carriers 0.5 ml (HBV-DNA≥108 copies) single cages,observe each group behavioral changes daily after inoculation 1 to 12 weeks, each week to confirmed the degree of liver inflammation through the HBV-M, HBV-DNA, liver function and on the B-guided, liver tissue inflammation by routine HE staining .Results: Adult monkeys did not induce positive reaction after vaccination , there were three young monkeys appear HBsAg , HBcAb and 2 appear HBV-DNA reaction, ALT poison attack occurred in HBsAg-positive began to increase after one week , one month after the peak , which was 180 U/L, after gradually decreased , continuing a month later near normal .AST higher than a week after the normal reference values were flat curve , representing the peak ALT after a month later, HBsAg positive cynomolgus monkeys HE staining showed mild hepatitis partial liver tissue lesions .Conclusion:HBV-M, HBV-DNA, ALT, AST and liver histopathology after HBV infection have changed , this result showing that it's produce inflammation and induction the response of immune .

Objective To observe imaging characteristics of carotid body tumor and schwannoma in carotid space. Methods CT, MRI and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) appearances of 16 patients with carotid body tumors and schwannomas in carotid space confirmed pathologically were retrospectively analyzed. There were 8 patients with carotid body tumors and 8 patients with schwannomas. Six patients with carotid body tumors and 5 patients with schwannomas underwent CT plain scan. All the patients underwent MR plain and contrast-enhanced scan. Four patients with carotid body tumors and 2 patients with schwannomas underwent DSA examination. Results CT: Six carotid body tumors were lobulated soft tissue masses. The density of the tumors was similar to neck muscles. Two carotid body tumors involving jugular foramen expanded jugular foramen, and the margin was irregular and erosion-destructive. Five schwannomas were ovoid or fusiform soft tissue masses. The density of the tumors was mixed. Two schwannomas involved jugular foramen expanded jugular foramen, and the margin was smooth. MRI: Eight carotid body tumors were lobulated, well-defined, longitudinal growth masses with characteristic high-velocity flow voids. The tumor splayed and surrounded internal carotid artery and external carotid artery. The diameters of the arteries were normal. The tumors intensely enhanced on contrast-enhanced MRI. Eight schwannomas were ovoid or fusiform, well-defined, longitudinal growth masses with heterogeneous signal, splaying carotid artery and jugular vein. The diameters of the vessels were narrow. The tumors nonuniformly enhanced on contrast-enhanced MRI. DSA: Four carotid body tumors showed intense tumor blush, while 2 schwannomas showed slight tumor blush. Conclusion According to the imaging characteristic of the tumors, carotid body tumor and schwannoma in carotid space can be accurately differentiated.

Objective To study the CT and MRI findings of schwannoma in tIle sinonasal region and evaluate their clinical application.Methods All 12 cases of schwannoma locating in the sinonasal region were verified by pathology.r111e CT images in all 12 cases and MRI findings in 10 cases were analyzed retrospectively.Results Of the 12 cases of schwannoma in the sinonasal cavity.11 were benign and l was malignant.The tumors located in the nasoethmoid region in 4 cases.in the maxillary sinus in 3 cases and in the maxillary.ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses in 2 cases.The lesion of the remaining 3 cases involved maxillary sinus and hasal cavity,sphenoid sinus and choana respectively.The lesions with well-defined margin showed elliptic shape in 4 cases,irregular shape in 8 cases.On CT,the lesion resulted in dilatation of the affected sinonasal cavity with remodeling,thinning and displacement of the bony wall.In addition.local bony absorption was detected in 8 cases and bony destruction was found in 1 case.The lesions revealed homogeneous density in 10 cases and inhomogeneous in 2 on precontrast CT.Two cases showed heterogeneous enhancement on postcontrast CT. On MR T1WI,schwannoma in the sinonasal region demonstrated isointense signal compared to brain in 10 cases with patchy and nodular low signal intensity in 3 cases and patchy hish signal intensity in 2 cases.On T2 WI.the lesion showed heterogeneous isointense singal in 7 cases and slightly hyperintense signal in 3 cases.Stippled and patchy hyperintense signal was seen in 9 cases and well-defined and regular nedular high intense signal in 6 cases.Patchy low signal intensity was found in 2 cases corresponding to the high signal intensity on MR Tl WI.In addition,liquid-iquid level was identified in one case.The lesion displayed rooderate to marked inhomogeneous enhancement on contrast-enhanced MR images in 9 cases and marked homogeneous enhancement in one case.The time.intensity curve of dynamic contrast enhancement of MRI showed plateau type in 2 cases.In this group,the lesions were complicated with obstructive parasinusitis in 6 cases.which showed hypointense signal on MR T1 WI,hyperintense signal on T,WI and peripheral enhancement on postcontrast MRI.MRI showed the extent and other associated changes of the lesions more clearly compared to CT Conclusions Bone remodeling.thinning and absorption on CT and Patchy and noduhr high signal intensity on MR T2WI without postcontrast enhancement were typical manifestations of schwannoma in the sinonasal region.Combined findings of CT and MRI call provide more comprehensive information for the diagnosis and therapy.