100∶1. The specific growth rate of microcystis and P concentration in different P concentration and different N/P ratio cultures decreased with the culture time. Conclusions The initial P concentration affects the microcystis yield significantly, N/P ratio should be concerned in confirming the limiting factor. To control the P concentration in water through different methods will be the effective way to control water bloom.

Objective To study the value of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) for treating gallbladder benign diseases in aged patients. Methods Laparoscopy cholecystectomy (3-port or 4-port) was performed in 2335 senile patients with gallbladder benign diseases from December 1992 to May 2005. Results Five patients were found as having the Mirizzi syndrome and were given a subtotal cholecystectomy. In 18 patients with a frozen Callot’s triangle, the anterior wall of the gallbladder was resected and the mucous membrane on the posterior wall was electrocauterized. LC was completed smoothly in the remaining 2312 patients. No conversions to open surgery were needed. The operation time was 8~55 min (mean, 19 min), and the intraoperative blood loss was 1~ 50 ml (mean, 8 ml). An abdominal drainage tube was placed in 213 patients, including double-cannula lavage in 56 patients. The length of hospital stay was 4~16 d (mean, 6 d). Follow-up examinations for 10 days ~13 years in 1859 patients showed no biliary stenosis, gallbladder pouch, or residual stones. Conclusions Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is safe and feasible in aged patients, being the first choice of operative method. Proper perioperative management, careful prevention co-morbidities, and control of operation time as short as possible are important for senile patients.

Objective To investigate the effect of somatostatin on pancreatic blood flow and pancreatic function on the patients with acute pancreatitis.Methods 120 patients with acute pancreatitis from March 2015 to March 2017 were collected, and were randomly divided into the observation group and the control group.The control group were given routine treatment, at the basis of this, the observation group were given somatostatin.octreotide 0.6 mg was dripped into intravenous continuously, and was reducted to 0.3 mg, continuous treatment for 7 d.The changes of blood flow and the curative effect of pancreas were compared between the two groups before and after treatment.Results The total effective rate was 96.67%(58/60)in the treatment group and 80.00%(48/60)in the control group.The total effective rate in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05).There was no significant difference in blood flow(BF), blood volume(BV)and capillary surface permeability(PS)between the two groups before treatment.1 and 7 days after treatment, BF, BV in the observation group were higher than those in the control group, the levels of PS were significantly lower than that in the control group, the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).Before treatment, the differences of(CP), insulin(INS), glucagon(GLU), serum lipase(LIP), amylase(AMY)and trypsinogen-2(TPS)were measured in the two groups were not statistically significant.1 and 7 days after treatment, CP and INS in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group, and GLU, LIP, AMY and TPS-2 were significantly lower than those in the control group, the differences between the two groups was statistically significant (P<0.05).Conclusion It has a protective effect on pancreatic blood flow and function which somatostatin was used in the treatment of the patients with acute pancreatitis, it can improve the overall state of pancreas, and has significant therapeutic effect.

Pharmaceutical preparations can directly affect the administration methods and therapeutic effects of drugs , which is a priority for the research and development of the military specialized medicament .Foreign armies started pharma-ceutical formulation research very early , and some of their research concepts and strategies are worth learning from .In this paper , dosage forms were used as the classification factor and several formulations with distinct military characteristics were described in detail .The features of military specialized medicament were analyzed from the perspective of pharmaceutics , based on which future development in the formulation of military specialized medicament was predicted .

Despite tre mendous research efforts have been devoted to the analysis of nanoparticles (NPs)biohazard,the potential mechanism for nanotoxicity has not yet been syste mati-cal y elucidated.This review intends to point out the confusions about nanotoxicity in the field and tries to look into the mecha-nism from a new perspective.Currently,there are three puzzles:① no relationship between dose and toxicity could be observed in nanotoxicity;②there is a theory for the″size effects″,however, it cannot explain some cases contrary to the doctrine;③ NPs made of different materials with various sizes could have the same toxic effects through sti mulating oxidative stress.In fact, human body is co mposed of various biological molecules,and the biological function of a living syste m is reflected by the inter-actions and conversions of those molecules.NPs,on the other hand,are the invader of human body which has no ability to transport or convert or digest the foreigner.Thus,NPs could cause celldamage due to the physical blockage of micro-circula-tion,celldestruction due to membrane rando m insertion,and celldysfunction due to physical contacting with big biological mole-cules.The physical damages caused by various NPs could be divided into three categories:adhesion lesion,card inlay and puncture.Above al ,by analyzing wide spectrum of NPs varying in co mposition,shape and size,the author draws a conclusion that physical damage is the origin of nanotoxicity.

Objective To explore the indications and attention points in one-stage thyroidectomy and bilateral neck dissection for thyroid carcinoma.Methods The clinical and pathological data of 68 thyroid carcinoma patients treated with one-stage thyroidectomy and bilateral neck dissection from Jan 1990 to Dec 2005 were reviewed retrospectively.Results There was no operative death in this series.Of the 68 patients,60 had bilateral and 4 had unilateral positive lymph nodes;4 had negative lymph nodes.The metastatic rate of patients who had unilateral thyroid cancer with contralateral cervical enlarged lymph nodes,bilateral thyroid cancer with unilateral cervical lymph nodes and isthmus cancer with lymph nodes was 100%(7/7),90%(9/10) and 66.67%(4/6) respectively.Postoperative complications include 7 cases of facial and flap edema,2 headache,5 postoperative hoarseness,7 temporary hypoparathyroidism,1 permanent hypoparathyroidism,1 left chylus fistula,and 3 unilateral accessory nerve injury.Conclusions The patients with unilateral thyroid cancer and enlarged contralateral neck lymph nodes,with bilateral thyroid cancer and unilateral cervical lymph nodes,and with isthmus cancer and enlarged lymph nodes are high-risk patient of bilateral neck metastasis,and should be treated with one stage thyroidectomy and bilateral cervical lymph node dissection.The procedure is safe,no serious postoperative complications occurred,and the survival rate and life quality can be improved.

Objective To introduce the technique and evaluate the clinical effect of retroperito-neoscopic anatomical radical nephrectomy. Methods One hundred and sixty-eight patients under-went retroperitoneoscopic anatomical radical nephrectomies. The average tumor size was 4.7 cm (ran-ging from 2.0-6.9 era) in diameter. There were 87 tumors in the left kidney and 81 tumors in right kidney. Ninety-two eases were in cli.nieal stage T1a. N0 M0 and 76 in T1b N0 M0. Retroperitoneal space was created routinely at lateral decubitus position. Four relatively bloodless planes were orderly entered for exposure and separation of the kidney outside Gerota's fascia. The first dissection plane was be-tween the psoas and posterior Gerota's fascia. The renal pedicle was found in this plane. The following dissections proceeded in the plane between posterior Gerota's fascia and fusion fascia. The third dissec-tion plane was between adrenal gland and the upper pole of kidney or between the adrenal gland and di-aphragma. The fourth dissection plane was in the bottom of Gerota's fascia. Results All operations were successfully completed. The mean operative time was 138:J:46 min and estimated blood loss was 90±30 ml. The average day of resuming oral intake was 1.3 d and time of ambulation was 1.2 d. The mean postoperative hospital stay was 5.8 d. Peritoneum injuries happened in 14 patients. Omalgia oc-curred in 18 patients and disappeared 2 d after operation. One hundred and twenty-three patients were followed up, they all survived during the average follow-up of 8 months (ranging from 6-18 months);, .Conclusions Retroperitoneoscopie anatomical radical nephrectomy is a safe and effective procedure. It can decrease operation time, blood loss and complication rate remarkably. It is a good option for patients needing radical nephrectomy.

Objective To investigate the MRI findings of perihip heterotopic ossification (HO) in the early, mid and late stages. Meth-ods The MRI of 44 inpatients with HO from February, 2011 to September, 2013 were reviewed, in which 20 cases (28 joints) were in early stage, 18 cases (24 joints) in mid stage and 6 cases (8 joints) in late stage. For the enhanced T1WI, 9 cases (11 joints) were in early stage, 6 cases (7 joints) in mid stage, and 3 cases (4 joints) in late stage. Theχ2 trend test was used to evaluate the MRI signal change with the HO maturity. Results With the maturity of hip HO, the signal intensity of T2WI reduced (χ2=16.773, P<0.001), fat signal on T1WI increased, the enhancement reduced (χ2=16.048, P=0.007). Conclusion The MRI findings of perihip HO are characteristic in MRI in all the stages. MRI is useful for the diagnosis of perihip HO, especially for the early HO.

Nowadays, nanotechnologies have shown wide application foreground in the biomedical field of medicine laboratory tests, drug delivery, gene therapy and bioremediation. However, in recent years, nanomaterials have been labeled poisonous, because of the disputes and misunderstandings of mainstream views on their safety. Besides, for the barriers of technical issues in preparation like: (1) low efficacy (poor PK & PD and low drug loading), (2) high cost (irreproducibility and difficulty in scale up), little of that research has been successfully translated into commercial products. Currently, along with the new theory of "physical damage is the origin of nanotoxicity", biodegradability and biocompatibility of nanomaterials are listed as the basic principle of safe application of nanomaterials. Combining scientific design based on molecular level with precision control of process engineering will provide a new strategy to overcome the core technical challenges. New turning point of translational medicine in nanotechnology may emerge.