Differentiated cells can be induced into pluripotent stem cell by reprogramming with defined fators. The new method of stem cell technology marks a major breathrough. This paper reviews the establishment, identification and research progress about induction of pluripotent stem cell.

Objectives:This study was to evaluate the role of nasogastric feeding as early nutritional support in geriatric patients with brain injury. Methods:Thirty one geriatric patients with brain injury were randomly assigned to two groups,one supported with enteral nutrition(16 cases) and another with parenteral nutrition(15 cases).The serum glucose level,liver function and serum albumin levels were determined.The relative complications were recorded daily. Results:In early enteral nutrition group,there were less complications. Conclusions:The early enteral nutrition is well tolerated in the geriatric patients with brain injury.

The National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) is a cooperative group to conduct clinical trials in breast and colorectal cancer research. In this article, we review NSABP breast cancer clinical trials.

Objective: To observe the differential expression of epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) and renal cell carcinoma marker (RCC-Ma) in early renal carcinoma and corresponding adjacent (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 cm) tissues, so as to estimate the safe margin of laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for renal tumors. Methods: Tissue microarrys, including 44 tissues of clear cell renal cell carcinoma[A] and normal renal cortex tissues of different distances to the tumor: 0.5 cm[B], 1.0 cm[C] and 2.0 cm [D], were constructed. The expression of EMA and RCC-Ma was examined by immunohistochemical staining in the four groups. Results: Intensive membranous and (or) cytoplasmic staining of EMA and RCC-Ma was observed in the cancer and adjacent tissues. The positive rate in group A was significantly higher than those of the other three groups (A [15.91%/ 18.18%], B[84.09%/79.55%], C[86.36%/77.27%] and D[79.55%/75.00%], P<0.01). The positive rates of EMA and RCC-Ma expression were not significantly different between the group B, C, and D(P>0.05). Conclusion: Our data denote that, when laparoscopic partial nephrectomy is done for early renal carcinoma, at least 5 mm of normal parenchyma tissue beyond the pesudocapsule should be excised with the tumor.

Objective To investigate the clinical value of urinary retinol binding protein(RBP) and N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase(NAG) for evaluating renal function in preterm neonate.Methods 89 neonates in our NICU were selected,divided into three groups:the asphyxial preterm group (18 cases),the no-asphxial preterm group (25 cases),and the control group (46 term infants without asphyxia).All objects were detected the urinary RBP,NAG and creatinine(Cr).The levels of RBP/Cr and NAG/Cr and blood urea nitrogen(BUN),Cr were observed within 48h after birth after birth.The fluctuations of urinary RBP/Cr and NAG/Cr in no-asphxial preterm group also were observed in 0~48h,~96h,~168h after birth respectively.Results The urinary RBP/Cr levels in asphyxial preterm group [(0.951±0.629)g/mol] were higher than those in no-asphxial preterm group[(0.389±0.281)g/mol] and the control group[(0.119±0.081)g/mol](P<0.05).The urinary RBP/Cr levels in no-asphxial preterm group were also significantly higher than those in the control group(P<0.05).The levels of urinary NAG/Cr in the asphyxial and no-asphxial preterm groups were both higher than those in the control group(P<0.05),but there was no difference betwteen the former two groups(P>0.05).The levels of serum Cr and BUN were no significant difference in the three groups(P>0.05).The urinary RBP/Cr level had non-linear correlation with either postnatal or gestational age in no-asphyxial preterm group.While the urinary NAG/Cr levels negative correlated with the gestational age(r=-0.625,P<0.05).And the correlation between the urinary NAG/Cr and postnatal age was postive(P<0.05).Conclusion The determination of urinary NAG/Cr and RBP/Cr provides a sensitive and reliable method to evaluate the renal function of neonates,especially in preterm infants.The RBP/Cr is affected by asphyxia more than NAG/Cr,which is rather correlated with gestational age.

Objective To observe the levels of Ang - 1 and NF-κB in lung tissue and to aseess the severity of ALI induced by phosgene in order to clarify the mechanism of the protective effect of Ang - 1 on phosgene induced ALI.Method Rats were randomly divided into phosgene group and air group.Another rats were randomly (random number) divided into phosgene group,phosgene + PDTC group and air group.Lung tissue was collected to weigh and calculate the wet / dry weight ratio,measure BALF,white blood cell count,total protein and Ang-1 at given time after exposure to phosgene/air and PDTC.The Ang - 1 and NF-κB levels in lung tissue were measured with Western blot and immunohistochemistry.Data were analyzed by using SPSS 16.0 statistical package and comparisons between groups were carried out byusing One-Way ANOVA analysis and LSD -t test,α ＜ 0.05.Results Serum angiopoietin -1 level became lesser within 48 hours after exposure to Phosgene.The severity of ALI became worser with time elapsing.Ccompare with air group,the severity of ALI in phosgene group was worser with time elapsing ( P ＜ 0.05).Compared with phosgene + PDTC group,the serum angiopoietin -1 and arterial oxygen partial pressure in phosgene group were lower ( P ＜ 0.05).The severity of ALI of rats in phosgene group were worser than that in phosgene + PDTC group ( P ＜ 0.05).Serum angiopoietin -1 and partial pressure of oxygen of rats in phosgene group were higher than those in phosgene + PDTC group ( P ＜ 0.05).Immunohistochemistry test showed that the expression of Ang-1 in lung tissue in air group were normal,and Ang-1 in phosgene group were significantly reduced,and Ang-1 in PDTC intervention group was higher than that in phosgene group and lower than that in air group.The above results were confirmed by Western blot test which was consistent with the results of immunohistochemistry test.Similarly,the levels of NF-κB in lung tissue determined by using both Western - blot and immunohistochemistry were consistant,and results of both methods showed that the expression of NF - κB in air group was normal,and it increased in phosgene group,and the expression of NF-κB in phosgene + PDTC group was lower than that in phosgene group.Conclusions The serum level of Ang-1 was decreasing within 48 hours after ALI.Ang-1 was negatively correlated with the sevfity of phosgene induced ALI.Ang-1 likely had an effect on NF-κB signaling pathway,ameliorating the inflammation mediated by cytokines,reducing lung endothelial permeability and in turn lessening the severity of ALI.

Cancer development is a complex process that involves multiple genetic changes and multiple signaling pathways . Recent findings show that the GRIM-19 is a novel apoptosis regulation gene , and its gene mutations and loss of protein expression have been observed in many tumor types such as urinarysystem tumor , digestive system neoplasm , which are closely related to cancer devel-opment.Thus, GRIM-19 may be a potential target for gene therapy .Pro-apoptotic mechanisms of GRIM-19 and its related proteins such as STAT3,GW112,p16INK4aare overviewed in this article.

Objective Some drugs can effectively improve the uptake of 131 I in dedifferentiated thyroid cancer .This study was to investigate the effect of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) combined with interferon-α2a (IFN-α2a) on the iodine uptake and re-tention rate of FTC-133 follicular thyroid carcinoma cells . Methods FTC-133 cells were cultured in the presence of 2 μmol/L AT-RA and/or 1500 IU/mL IFN-α2a for 72 hours.The the cells were collected for measurement of the uptake and retention rate of Na 125 I. Results The Na125 I uptake of the FTC-133 cells was significantly increased after 72-hour incubation with 2μmol/L ATRA and 1500 IU/mL IFN-α2a (2423.1 ±237.5) as compared with those of the control (1279.5 ±102.8), ATRA (1438.2 ±149.6), and IFN-α2a groups (1355.3 ±198.4) (P<0.05).Statistically significant differences were observed in the retention rate of Na 125I in the FTC-133 cells at different time points in the each of the blank control , 2μmol/L ATRA, 1500 IU/mL IFN-α2a, and combination groups (P<0.01), but not in that of Na125I among these groups (P<0.05). Conclusion ATRA in combination with IFN-α2a can promote the Na125 I uptake but cannot improve the Na 125 I retention rate in FTC-133 cells.

Objective To investigate the protective effect of isoflurane preconditioning on the brain against ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury and the underlying mechanism.Methods Seventy-five male gerbils weighing 60-80 g were randomly divided into 5 groups ( n = 15 each): group A sham operation (sham) ; group B I/R; group C isoflurane + I/R (ISO); group D 5-HD (mito-KATP channel blocker) + I/R (5-HD) and group E 5-HD + isoflurane + I/R (5-HD+ISO). The animals were anesthetized with intraperitoneal (i.p.) 10% chloral hydrate 0.35 g?kg-1 . Global cerebral I/R was produced by occlusion of bilateral common carotid arteries for 5 min and confirmed by isoelectric potential on EEG. In ISO group the animals inhaled 1.2%-1.5% isoflurane for 30 min followed by 30 min wash-out period before I/R. In 5-HD group 5-HD 10 mg?kg-1 was injected i.p. 30 min before I/R. In 5-HD+ ISO group 30 min after i.p. 5-HD 10 mg?kg-1 , isoflurane was inhaled as in ISO group. The animals were killed 24 h after global cerebral ischemia and their forebrains were excised for (1) electron microscopic examination of mitochondria and (2) measurement of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) (ultraviolet spectrophotometer) and (3) calcium content in mitochondria (spectrophoto-fluorometer) . Results Marked swelling of mitochondria with disrupted cristae and damaged matrix were observed in group I/R (B) , 5-HD (D) and 5-HD + ISO (E) while in sham (A) and ISO (C) groups relative intact mitochondria were seen. The mitochondrial Ca2+ concentration was significantly higher and MPTP more open in I/R (B), 5-HD (D) and 5-HD+ ISO (E) groups than in sham (A) and ISO (C) groups (P

[Objective] To evaluate the therapeutic effect of early composite treatment in patients with cervical spinal cord injury(SCI) caused by diving injury.[Method]27 patients of SCI caused by diving injury,including complete SCI in 15 patients and incomplete SCI in 12 patients,were analyzed.Early composite treatment scheme were as follows:(1) systemic treatment: respiratory support and effective circulation volume for maintenance of systolic pressure more than 90mmHg and oxygen saturation more than 90%.(2) Early pharmacological treatment such as methylprednisolone and dexamethasone.(3) Immobilization and reduction of the injured cervical spine by skull traction.(4) Early cervical decompression,reduction,graft and internal fixation.(5) Early hyperbaric oxygen therapy after operation.The stability and fusion of the injured segments and the complications of the hardware were observed on the X-ray film postoperatively.The spinal cord function was evaluated with ASIA grades and sensorymotor scores.[Result]All 27 patients were followed up for 12 to 36 months,with an average of 28 months.No intra-operative and post-operative complications,the incision healed well.The injured segments were stable and all bone grafts acquired fusion in 3 months,no plates or screws broken or loosen.The neurological recovery were detected in 13 patients.The neurological recovery rate was 20% in complete SCI,83.3% in incomplete SCI,48.1% in the total.The ASIA grades of the sensory and motor scores could hardly be improved postoperatively in complete spinal cord injury while in incomplete spinal cord injury the ASIA grades and sensorymotor scores increased significantly.[Conclusion]Early composite treatment of cervical spinal cord injury caused by diving injury can significantly improve neurological function of the cervical spinalcord injury patients.