Differentiated cells can be induced into pluripotent stem cell by reprogramming with defined fators. The new method of stem cell technology marks a major breathrough. This paper reviews the establishment, identification and research progress about induction of pluripotent stem cell.

Objectives:This study was to evaluate the role of nasogastric feeding as early nutritional support in geriatric patients with brain injury. Methods:Thirty one geriatric patients with brain injury were randomly assigned to two groups,one supported with enteral nutrition(16 cases) and another with parenteral nutrition(15 cases).The serum glucose level,liver function and serum albumin levels were determined.The relative complications were recorded daily. Results:In early enteral nutrition group,there were less complications. Conclusions:The early enteral nutrition is well tolerated in the geriatric patients with brain injury.

The National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) is a cooperative group to conduct clinical trials in breast and colorectal cancer research. In this article, we review NSABP breast cancer clinical trials.

Objective: To observe the differential expression of epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) and renal cell carcinoma marker (RCC-Ma) in early renal carcinoma and corresponding adjacent (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 cm) tissues, so as to estimate the safe margin of laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for renal tumors. Methods: Tissue microarrys, including 44 tissues of clear cell renal cell carcinoma[A] and normal renal cortex tissues of different distances to the tumor: 0.5 cm[B], 1.0 cm[C] and 2.0 cm [D], were constructed. The expression of EMA and RCC-Ma was examined by immunohistochemical staining in the four groups. Results: Intensive membranous and (or) cytoplasmic staining of EMA and RCC-Ma was observed in the cancer and adjacent tissues. The positive rate in group A was significantly higher than those of the other three groups (A [15.91%/ 18.18%], B[84.09%/79.55%], C[86.36%/77.27%] and D[79.55%/75.00%], P<0.01). The positive rates of EMA and RCC-Ma expression were not significantly different between the group B, C, and D(P>0.05). Conclusion: Our data denote that, when laparoscopic partial nephrectomy is done for early renal carcinoma, at least 5 mm of normal parenchyma tissue beyond the pesudocapsule should be excised with the tumor.

Cancer development is a complex process that involves multiple genetic changes and multiple signaling pathways . Recent findings show that the GRIM-19 is a novel apoptosis regulation gene , and its gene mutations and loss of protein expression have been observed in many tumor types such as urinarysystem tumor , digestive system neoplasm , which are closely related to cancer devel-opment.Thus, GRIM-19 may be a potential target for gene therapy .Pro-apoptotic mechanisms of GRIM-19 and its related proteins such as STAT3,GW112,p16INK4aare overviewed in this article.

Objective To observe the effect of rutin on growth and proliferation of human hepatic cancer line(HepG2).Methods HepG2 cells were cultured in vitro,then cocultured with 50 to 250 ?mol/L rutin for 24 h.The inhibition rate of rutin on growth and proliferation of HepG2 was determined by MTT,~(3)H-TdR,and apoptotic cells were observed in fluorescent staining by Olympus fluorescent microscopy,and cell cycle was analysed by flow cytometry.Results Rutin inhibited HepG2 cells from growth and proliferation,and evoked apoptosis.Flow cytometry showed that 50 to 250 ?mol/L rutin caused an increase at G_(0)/G_(1) phase and a decrease at G_(2)/M phase and arrest at G_(0)/G_(1) phase in the cell cycle.Conclusion Rutin markedly inhibits the proliferation of HepG2 cells and induces apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner.

Objective To investigate the permeability changes of prostate cancer cells membrane under low intensity ultrasound in vitro.Methods The culture of monolayer adherent LNCaP prostate cancer cells in six-well plate was exposed to continuous ultrasound at frequency of 1 MHz.The cells membrane permeability (stained with Calcein)and cells viability(stained with PI)were evaluated by fluorescent microscope (FM) and cells morphological changes were evaluated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) under ultrasound with acoustic intensity of 160 mW/cm2 for 5 s.The rate of cells with increased cells membrane permeability as function of acoustic intensity (80 mW/cm2,120 mW/cm2 and 160 mW/cm2,for 5 s) and exposure duration (5 s,10 s and 15 s,acoustic intensity of 120 mW/cm2) was evaluated by flow cytometry.ResultsAfter low intensity of ultrasound,the cells with increased cell membrane permeability could be clearly shown with Calcein uptake under FM while no cell showed Calcein uptake in the control group.The SEM showed less microvilli on the cells after low intensity of ultrasound exposure and few cells showed holes on the cell membrane.The rate of cells with increased membrane permeability increased with acoustic intensity and exposure duration.Conclusion Low intensity ultrasound alone could increase membrane permeability of prostate cancer cells and cells with increased membrane permeability showed surface plane,uncommon holes on the cells membrane.The rate of cells with increased membrane permeability positively correlated with acoustic intensity and exposure duration.

Objective To explore the underlying mechanism of potential effect of sildenafil on porcine pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (SMCs) proliferation induced by serotonin. Methods Porcine pulmonary artery SMCs at 3-5 passages were randomly divided into 4 groups: control group (CON), 5-HT group (HT), sildenafil group (SIL) and sildenfil-5HT combined group (S-HT). Pulmonary artery SMCs at exponential growth phase were serum starved with 0.2% FBS for 72 h, followed by sterile PBS, serotonin (10 μmol/L) and sildenafil (1 μmol/L) incubation in CON group, HT group and SIL group, respectively. In combined group (S-HT): pulmonary artery SMCs were serum starved and then exposed to sildenafil for 20 min, followed by serotonin incubation for indicated time. The phosphorylation of extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK1/ERK2) was measured by Western blot at indicated time points. Flow active cell sorting (FACS) was used to evaluate the ratio of S phase cells in the cell cycle after 24 h of treatment. MTT color metric method was used to analyze SMCs proliferative index after 72 h of treatment. Results Compared with CON group, the phosphorylation of ERK1/ERK2, the percentage of cells in S phase, and the cell proliferation index increased remarkably after incubation with 5-HT (P<0.05). Preincubation with sildenafil followed by serotonin enhanced the phosphorylation of ERK1/ERK2 (p-ERK1/ERK2) and further elevated the percentage of cells in S phase and the cell proliferation index compared with that of HT group. While the total ERK1/ERK2 (t-ERK1/ERK2) was not statistically different among these groups. Conclusions Sildenafil potentiates the proliferative effect of serotonin on pulmonary arterial SMCs via upregulating phosphorylation of ERK1/ERK2.

Objective To observe the levels of Ang - 1 and NF-κB in lung tissue and to aseess the severity of ALI induced by phosgene in order to clarify the mechanism of the protective effect of Ang - 1 on phosgene induced ALI.Method Rats were randomly divided into phosgene group and air group.Another rats were randomly (random number) divided into phosgene group,phosgene + PDTC group and air group.Lung tissue was collected to weigh and calculate the wet / dry weight ratio,measure BALF,white blood cell count,total protein and Ang-1 at given time after exposure to phosgene/air and PDTC.The Ang - 1 and NF-κB levels in lung tissue were measured with Western blot and immunohistochemistry.Data were analyzed by using SPSS 16.0 statistical package and comparisons between groups were carried out byusing One-Way ANOVA analysis and LSD -t test,α ＜ 0.05.Results Serum angiopoietin -1 level became lesser within 48 hours after exposure to Phosgene.The severity of ALI became worser with time elapsing.Ccompare with air group,the severity of ALI in phosgene group was worser with time elapsing ( P ＜ 0.05).Compared with phosgene + PDTC group,the serum angiopoietin -1 and arterial oxygen partial pressure in phosgene group were lower ( P ＜ 0.05).The severity of ALI of rats in phosgene group were worser than that in phosgene + PDTC group ( P ＜ 0.05).Serum angiopoietin -1 and partial pressure of oxygen of rats in phosgene group were higher than those in phosgene + PDTC group ( P ＜ 0.05).Immunohistochemistry test showed that the expression of Ang-1 in lung tissue in air group were normal,and Ang-1 in phosgene group were significantly reduced,and Ang-1 in PDTC intervention group was higher than that in phosgene group and lower than that in air group.The above results were confirmed by Western blot test which was consistent with the results of immunohistochemistry test.Similarly,the levels of NF-κB in lung tissue determined by using both Western - blot and immunohistochemistry were consistant,and results of both methods showed that the expression of NF - κB in air group was normal,and it increased in phosgene group,and the expression of NF-κB in phosgene + PDTC group was lower than that in phosgene group.Conclusions The serum level of Ang-1 was decreasing within 48 hours after ALI.Ang-1 was negatively correlated with the sevfity of phosgene induced ALI.Ang-1 likely had an effect on NF-κB signaling pathway,ameliorating the inflammation mediated by cytokines,reducing lung endothelial permeability and in turn lessening the severity of ALI.

Objective To investigate the clinical value of urinary retinol binding protein(RBP) and N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase(NAG) for evaluating renal function in preterm neonate.Methods 89 neonates in our NICU were selected,divided into three groups:the asphyxial preterm group (18 cases),the no-asphxial preterm group (25 cases),and the control group (46 term infants without asphyxia).All objects were detected the urinary RBP,NAG and creatinine(Cr).The levels of RBP/Cr and NAG/Cr and blood urea nitrogen(BUN),Cr were observed within 48h after birth after birth.The fluctuations of urinary RBP/Cr and NAG/Cr in no-asphxial preterm group also were observed in 0~48h,~96h,~168h after birth respectively.Results The urinary RBP/Cr levels in asphyxial preterm group [(0.951±0.629)g/mol] were higher than those in no-asphxial preterm group[(0.389±0.281)g/mol] and the control group[(0.119±0.081)g/mol](P<0.05).The urinary RBP/Cr levels in no-asphxial preterm group were also significantly higher than those in the control group(P<0.05).The levels of urinary NAG/Cr in the asphyxial and no-asphxial preterm groups were both higher than those in the control group(P<0.05),but there was no difference betwteen the former two groups(P>0.05).The levels of serum Cr and BUN were no significant difference in the three groups(P>0.05).The urinary RBP/Cr level had non-linear correlation with either postnatal or gestational age in no-asphyxial preterm group.While the urinary NAG/Cr levels negative correlated with the gestational age(r=-0.625,P<0.05).And the correlation between the urinary NAG/Cr and postnatal age was postive(P<0.05).Conclusion The determination of urinary NAG/Cr and RBP/Cr provides a sensitive and reliable method to evaluate the renal function of neonates,especially in preterm infants.The RBP/Cr is affected by asphyxia more than NAG/Cr,which is rather correlated with gestational age.