A novel approach of vaccination against cancer is to exploit dendritic cells (DC) as the best antigen presenting cells (APC) and actively immunize cancer patients with a sample of autologous or allogeneic DC primed with tumor antigens. DC vaccination is still at its early stage, however, valuable proofs of concept have been obtained with respect to the capacity of DC to expand cancer directed immune responses. The methods for preparing DC are being improved continuously, and there are many opportunities to improve efficacy at the level of DC biology. An increased number of clinical studies will drive the development of this new area. This paper reviews the production of dendritic cell tumor vaccines and their use in clinical trials, as well as emphasizes some unresolved questions in this immunotherapy.

Objective: To investigate the change and effect of sIL-2R and TNF-α in the immunopathogenesis of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis(EAE). Methods: The EAE model was induced in guinea pigs. And the EAE animals were killed on the 8th, 15th and 22nd day after the MBP+CFA challenge. ConA-treated guinea pig spleen cells were cultured and supernatants were collected. The level of sIL-2R in supernatant was detected by ELISA, and the level of TNF-α in EAE was examined by biologic assay. Results: The EAE animals showed higher levels of sIL-2R and TNF-α than those of the normal control group. Conclusion: sIL-2R and TNF-α play an important role in the immunopathogenesis of EAE. This experiment offered thoretical evidence for further study of multiple sclerosis(MS) on pathogenesis and gave the clues for clinical use of immunospecific agents on MS.

Objective To find a new operation based on the themy of NOTES,through the way of mouth floor-pretracheal space-retrosternal space,instead of through esophagus or the trachea.Methods We anesthetized six mongrel dogs with endotracheal intubation,then cut the tissue between the incisors and the glossodesmus.The retrosternal space was separated slowly by the balloon expander,and cut the right mediastinal fascia,and went through thorax,then cut a small piece of lung tissue,which would be used to biopsied.Results All of the 6 operations were successfully completed,without any arrhythmia,serious bleeding,airway obstruction and death.Conclusion It doesn't need the soft endoscope in the new operation,which will have bigger operating space and to be safer,just with pin type thoracoscope and related apparatus.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the extralaryngeal furcation variation of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) in total thyroidectomy. METHOD: The clinical data of 216 RLNs from 108 patients undergone total thyroidectomy were retrospectively analyzed. RESULT: RLN was found during every operation and exposed in whole course until access into larynx. Twenty (9.26%) pieces of RLNs showed bifurcated or trifurcated RLNs before access into larynx. Ratio of furcation is lower than that reported before internationally. Bifurcations of RLNs on the left were more than that on the right. CONCLUSION The protection of RLN is important for thyroid operation, especially in total thyroidetomy. Variation of extralaryngeal furcation of RLN usually leads to injury of RLN. Understanding of variation of RLN could decrease nerve function related complication.
Humans ; Larynx ; Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve ; pathology ; Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Injuries ; diagnosis ; Retrospective Studies ; Thyroid Gland ; surgery ; Thyroidectomy

Objective: Attempt to use generalized graded unfolding model to analyze the item of "Autonomy in Learning Rating Scale for College Students " adequacy of the scale designing and evidence probability of the usage of unfolding model in costructing tests. Methods: Based on randomly selected 600 graduates’ response of the scale, item analysis was carried on in 497 potent subjects. Results: Subjects whose trait continuum were between 2.5-4.0 and -3.5～-3.0 were short, and all the item locations were negative; all the item discriminations were above 0.5; the item information functions of 2, 6, 7, 19, 21, 25, 49, 50, 51 were below 0.4098; the fit plots of the item and test satisfied the requirements. Conclu- sion: Fit index of the whole scale is good; some items need to be revised or deleted; GGUM could be used in constructing attitude scales.

Objective To investigate the regulation of melatonin (MT) on Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling in diabetic db/db mice kidneys.Methods The 48 10-week-old male db/db mice were randomly divided into db/db group,db/db+MT 50 μg/kg group,db/db+MT 100 μg/kg group and db/db+MT 200 μg/kg group,each consisting of 12 mice.These mice received i.p.injections of MT These mice received i.p.injections of MT [dissoved in phosphate buffer solution (PBS)/ dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) solution,given every day].Alternatively,12 db/m mice served as the control group.db/m and db/db group were injected i.p.with the same volume of PBS/DMSO solution.The animals were sacrificed after 12 weeks of dosage administration.Blood glucose (BG),body weight (BW),kidney weight (KW) and 24 h urinary albumin excretion rate (UAER) were determined;Kidney pathological lesions were evaluated by renal pathological staining.Immunohistochemistry of renal TLR4,NF-κB p65,and ED-1 was performed to determine the immunoreactivity.Western blotting was used to detect the expression of renal TLR4,myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88),TIR-domaincontaining adaptor inducing interferon-β (TRIF),interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3) and NF-κB p65,while the mRNA expressions of renal tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) were evaluated by real-time PCR.Results Compared with control group,the levels of BG,BW,KW and UAER were much higher in db/db mice group (P ＜ 0.01),while KW in db/db+MT (100,200 μg/kg) groups and UAER level in db/db+MT (50,100,200 μg/kg) groups were distinctly decreased compared with those in db/db group (P ＜ 0.01).In week 12 db/db mice,the glomerular mesangial expansion index and tubulointerstitial injury index were increased compared with those in db/m mice (P ＜ 0.01).The above kidney histopathologic lesions were distinctly ameliorated by 50,100,200 μg/kg MT (P ＜ 0.05).Immunohistochemistry intensity of renal TLR4,NF-κB p65 and ED-1 displayed obvious differences between db/m mice and db/db mice (P ＜ 0.01),and that were remarkably decreased in db/db+MT (50,100,200 μg/kg) mice compared with db/db mice (P ＜ 0.05).Western blotting showed that the protein expression of renal TLR4,MyD88,TRIF,IRF-3 and NF-κB p65 were stronger in db/db group compared with those in db/m group (P ＜ 0.05) and weaker in db/db+ MT (50,100,200 μg/kg) groups compared with those in db/db group (P ＜ 0.05).Futhermore,the mRNA expressions of renal MCP-1 and TNF-α were higher in db/db group compared with those in db/m group (P ＜ 0.01) and lower in db/db+MT (50,100,200 μg/kg) groups compared with those in db/db group (P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion Melatonin may partly down-regulate TLR4 signaling pathway to inhibit Inflammatory reaction and alleviate kidney injury in diabetic db/db mice.

0. 05). Conclusion Chronic fluorosis has no obvious effect on myocardial collagen metabolism of rats and myocardial collagen is not likely the main target of fluoride.

Objective As a classical approach for hyperthermic ablation,microwave ablation (MWA) has been widely used in the treatment of tumors that cannot be removed by traditional surgery.MWA devitalizes the neighboring tissue and kills tumor cells by thermal diffusion.In the last two decades,this technique has been improved for treating malignant bone tumor in our institute.In situ ablation has already replaced en bloc resection and achieved satisfactory treatment outcomes.This study explores whether tumor cell death induced by MWA would cause the release of immunogenic tumor antigens and tumor-specific immune responses.Methods Three models of MWA were established using osteosarcoma cell lines from the mouse,rat,and human,respectively.The expression of immunogenic molecules was measured during in vitro and in situ ablation with different ablation time and group design.Results The injection of tumor vaccines made from tumor cells or supernatant treated with in vitro ablation resulted in substantial inhibition of tumor cell growth in tumor-bearing animal models.The CDs + T cells induced by vaccines played a key role in the process.The effector cells released cytokines,IFN-γand TNF-α,to inhibit tumor cell growth and also trigger Fas/FasL-mediated apoptosis.Conclusions MWA-treated osteosarcoma cells can be used to induce specific antitumor immunogenic effects.Therefore,in situ MWA combined with immunotherapy provides an alternative treatment method for patients who have trouble due to their insensitivity to chemotherapy.

Objective:To establish a method of inducing dendritic cells(DC)from the hematopoitic stem cells of rats in vitro,and to identify the phenotype and fusion of DC. Methods:DC obtained from SD rat bone marrow hematopoitic stem cells were propagated in vitro under the condition of rGM CSF、rIL 4 and nrhTNF ?.DC were purified by monoclonal antibody OX62 and magnetic beads.Then DC harvested 12 d later were identified by morphological features,surface antigen expressions and the ability to atimulate T cells. Results:After culture and induction,DC displayed typical morphology with elongated dendritic processes viewed by inversion microscope as well as electron microscope.DC expressed high level surface antigens,including OX62 62.19%;MHCⅠ 70.40%;MHCⅡ 78.28%;CD80 55.58%; CD86 68.38%, The results of mixed lymphocyte reaction(MLR)showed that DC had the ability to stimulate vigorous proliferation of allo T cells. Conclusion:Matue DC could be generated from rat bone marrow hematopoitic stem cells,which presents the feasibility for further clinical application of DC in the immunotherapy of cancers.

Objective: To observe the efifcacy and safety of bivalirudin on primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).
Methods: A total of 159 patients with acute STEMI treated by emergent PCI in our hospital from 2011-09 to 2014-01 were retrospectively studied. The patients were divided into 2 groups according to procedural bivalirudin application as Bivalirudin group and Heparin group, and the application of GPI (glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor) was decided by the operator. The baseline condition, coronary artery imaging condition, peri-operative and 30-day post-operative bleeding, the occurrence rate of MACE were compared between 2 groups.
Results: There were 153 patients completed the follow-up study including 72 in Bivalirudin group and 81 in Heparin group. The peri-operative bleeding rates in Bivalirudin group and Heparin group were 6.5% vs 11.0%, the in-stent thrombosis rates were 0% vs 1.2%, 30-day post-operative bleeding rates were 9.7% vs 13.5% and the occurrence of MACE were 1.4% vs 7.4% allP>0.05.
Conclusion: THE application of bivalirudin in emergent PCI is safe and effective in patients with acute STEMI, it has certain trend to reduce bleeding in relevant patients.