The epidemiological research on mental health in China has undergone decades of development, transitioning from multi-regional surveys to nationally representative studies. In 1982, Academician Shen Yucun led a team to complete the first national survey in 12 regions, revealing a point prevalence rate of 10.54‰. In 1993, the point prevalence rate in the second national survey in 7 regions rose to 11.18‰. In 2002, the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI)-3.0 and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fouth Edition (DSM-Ⅳ) standards were first applied in the surveys in urban Beijing and Shanghai to achieve international standards, but the representativeness of urban samples was limited. Subsequent regional studies contributed methodological insights toward a nationally representative survey. From 2013 to 2015, a research team led by Professor Huang Yueqin, in collaboration with 43 institutions, completed the China Mental Health Survey (CMHS), covering 32 552 community adults in 157 counties/districts in 31 provinces/autonomous. This study represents the first nationally representative epidemiological survey of mental disorders in China. The main results showed that the lifetime prevalence of mental disorders among adults in Chinese communities with depressive disorders was 16.6%, including 7.4% for mood disorders and 7.6% for anxiety disorders. Only 9.5% of patients with depressive disorders received treatment, and the full treatment rate was as low as 0.5%. Further surveys based on the CMHS framework in regions such as Ningxia, Urumqi, and Inner Mongolia confirmed the high risk of disease among rural women in western China and the widespread phenomenon of inadequate treatment. The results of CMHS methodology was transformed into the national Guidelines and Technical Standards for Epidemiological Investigation of Community Mental Disorders (2015 Edition) and software copyright, and the main data had been published in The Lancet Psychiatry. It has been used to guide the formulation of policies such as the Healthy China Action (2019-2030). CMHS establishing a complete process from scientific investigation to policy translation, filling the data gap at the national level, providing a replicable paradigm for the world, especially for developing countries, and marking a new stage of evidence-based decision-making in China's mental health epidemiological research.
China/epidemiology* ; Humans ; Mental Disorders/epidemiology* ; Health Surveys/history* ; Mental Health/statistics & numerical data* ; Prevalence ; Adult ; Female ; Male

Objective:To describe the current situation of mental health service utilization of community pa-tients with five mental disorders in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and provide reference for health education and formulating relevant policies.Methods:The multistage stratified sampling method with unequal probability was used to select a total of 12 315 community residents aged 18 and over in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.Using Composite International Diagnostic Interview,mood disorders,anxiety disorders,substance use disorders,intermit-tent explosive disorders,and eating disorders,and health service utilization were investigated.Descriptive statistics was completed by single factor analysis method.Results:The lifetime rates of consultation and treatment of any mental disorder were 18.7％and 10.2％,respectively.The highest proportion of patients received treatment by non-medical professionals was 31.4％,followed by psychiatrists in psychiatric hospital or psychologists in general hospitals.Among the patients,1.1％of them received medication,and 2.5％received psychotherapy.Conclusion:The utilization rate of mental health services in community patients with five mental disorders is relatively low.It is necessary to conduct health education for medical help seeking properly.

Objective:To evaluate the effect of combined cognitive and physical intervention on mild cogni-tive impairment(MCI)using meta-analysis.Methods:Five databases including CNKI,PubMed,Web of Science,Cochrane and Embase were retrieved.Randomized Control Trials containing the combined cognitive and physical therapies on MCI were included.Statistical analysis,including the evaluation of the effects on global cognition,memory and executive function or attention,as well as the subgroup analysis were conducted using Stata 15.0.Results:A total of 28 articles was eventually included,with 2 796 participants.Results showed that the effec-tiveness of combined intervention on global cognitive function(SMD=0.68,95％CI:0.39-0.97),memory(SMD=0.35,95％CI:0.01-0.68)as well as executive function or attention(SMD=-0.28,95％CI:-0.51--0.05)were significantly better than the control group.Subgroup analysis indicated that the effects of combined intervention on the above domains of cognitive function among the participants were affected by the intervention mode,control type,whether there were other interventions and intervention frequency.Conclusion:Combined cogni-tive and physical intervention could effectively improve mild cognitive impairment.

Objective:To describe the detail sampling design,weighting,instruments,filed procedures and quality control methods of the epidemiological survey on dementia among community residents in Tongliao City.Methods:A three-stage disproportionate probability sampling design was used to investigate the inhabitants aged 65 years and over in Tongliao City,Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.The 10/66 Dementia Research Group(10/66 DRG)assessment instruments were used to diagnose dementia,using computer-assisted personal interview mode in the selected older people.Comprehensive quality control methods were implemented throughout the field-work.Results:A total of 166 villages or communities were sampled from nine counties or districts in Tongliao Cit-y.Totally 4 345 older people were interviewed with 96.2％response rate.By calculating sampling design weights,non-response adjustment weights and post-stratification adjustment weights,these weights were multiplied and per-formed trimming adjustment and standardization adjustment to generate final weights.The 171 interviewers were well-trained and qualified to carry out filed interview.Quality control methods included computer data check,audio record check,and telephone check in order to ensure the quality of the survey.Conclusion:This survey is imple-mented using a rigorous sampling design and timely quality control methods,and uses the 10/66 DRG assessment instruments with satisfactory international validity and reliability as survey instruments,which has international cross-cultural comparability.It provides a valid and feasible methodology of epidemiological survey on dementia for further studies in different regions in China.

Objective:To estimate the costs of dementia from a societal perspective in Tongliao City and ex-plore the influencing factors of these costs.Methods:Dementia was diagnosed using the 10/66 Dementia Research Group assessment instruments.Data on healthcare utilization,caregiver's care time or costs,and the distress due to caregiving were collected.The cost-proportion conversion method was used to estimate the per capita cost of health services based on data from the National Statistical Yearbook.The human capital approach was used to estimate the unit value of informal care time,and the willingness-to-pay method was used to measure the intangible costs of car-egivers.The total societal costs of dementia were calculated based on the reference year 2023,and a two-part model was employed to analyze the factors influencing the societal costs.Results:A total of 390 dementia patients were di-agnosed,with an average societal cost per capita of 117 877 Yuan.The largest cost component was informal care provided by unpaid family members,accounting for 73.1％of the total societal cost.The societal costs for female patients were 61 395 Yuan higher than those for male patients.Patients with comorbid stroke had a higher societal cost of 63 008 Yuan compared to patients without stroke,and each additional chronic disease added 5 868 Yuan to societal costs.Additionally,each non-memory dimension impairment in the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale in-creased the societal costs by 53 997 Yuan.Conclusion:Dementia poses a significant socio-economic burden,with informal care being the major component of this burden.

Objective:To describe functional disability rate of anxiety disorders in Chinese community adults and explore related risk factors of functional disability.Methods:To conduct in-depth data analysis on China Mental Health Survey(CMHS).The diagnostic tool for anxiety disorders was the Composite International Diagnostic Inter-view-3.0,according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders,Fourth Edition(DSM-Ⅳ).The World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule,2nd edition,was the functional disability assessment standard for anxiety disorders.Weighted 12-month functional disability rate of DSM-Ⅳ anxiety disorder with co-morbidities and only anxiety disorder in population and those in patients,as well as days of partial disability were calculated.The effects of anxiety disorders comorbid other mental disorders and physical diseases and demographic factors on the severity and occurrence of functional disability were analyzed by multiple linear regression and logis-tic regression.Results:The functional disability rate of anxiety disorder with comorbidities in population was 1.7％,and 42.2％in patients,in which constituent rate of grade-four disability was the highest as 84.1％.The functional disability rate of only anxiety disorder in population was 0.3％,and 17.8％in patients.The medians of days of partial disability days in the past 30 days were from 0 to 14.42.Multiple linear regression showed a positive association between comorbid anxiety disorder with other mental disorders and physical diseases(β=0.24),comor-bid other mental disorders and physical diseases(β=0.21),physical diseases(β=0.18),comorbid anxiety disor-der and physical diseases(β=0.15),comorbid anxiety disorder with other mental disorders(β=0.08),other men-tal disorders(β=0.07),only anxiety disorder(β=0.06),lower education level(β=0.12),lower economic status(β=0.08),older age(β=0.06),non-marital status(β=0.06),male(β=0.02)and the severity of functional dis-ability.Logistic regression showed that comorbid anxiety with other mental disorders and physical diseases(OR=64.07),comorbid anxiety disorders with other mental disorders(OR=36.75),comorbid other mental disorders with physical diseases(OR=20.60),comorbid anxiety with physical diseases(OR=18.88),anxiety disorder(OR=9.20),other mental disorders(OR=6.65),physical diseases(OR=4.00),65 years old and over(OR=4.40),50 to 64 years old(OR=2.33),low economic status(OR=2.10),illiterate and below primary school educational level(OR=1.89),middle economic status(OR=1.70),elementary school educational level(OR=1.59),non-marital status(OR=1.47),male(OR=1.16)were the risk factors of the occurrence of functional disability.Conclusion:Comorbidity of anxiety disorders and other mental disorders,and physical diseases increases severity and occurrence of functional disability.Comorbidity,male,gender,older age,lower economic and educa-tional level and non-marital are risk factors of anxiety disorder functional disability.

Objective:To describe disability rates of dementia in community residents aged 65 years and over in China,and explore related risk factors of disability.Methods:This study conducted an in-depth data analysis of the China Mental Health Survey.World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0(WHODAS 2.0)was used to assess dementia disability,Community Screening Interview for Dementia(CSID)and Geriatric Mental Status Examination(GMS)were used for dementia screening and diagnosing.Univariate analysis was used to calcu-late the weighted disability rates of dementia in population and in patients,and their population distribution.Multiple linear regression and logistic regression were used to analyze the risk factors of the occurrence of dementia disability and its severity.Results:The weighted disability rate of dementia was 2.1％in population,and 38.6％in pa-tients.The disability rates of comorbid dementia in population and in patients were higher than those of patients with only dementia.Female,older age,lower education level,lower economic status,and lower cognitive test scores in CSID had higher disability rates of dementia in population.Female and urban resident had higher disability rates of dementia in patients.Multiple linear regression showed economic status(β=0.11),gender(β=0.11),age(β=0.10),and treatment in the last 12 months(β=-0.20)were statistically associated with WHODAS 2.0 scores.Multiple logistic regression showed female(OR=2.81)and treatment in the last 12 months(OR=2.38)were statistically associated with disability.Conclusions:Persons with low economic status,female and elderly peo-ple are the high-risk groups for dementia disability.It should be paid attention to prevent dementia and its conse-quential disabilities.

Objective:To study the prevalence and association factors of depressive and anxiety disorders in the hypertensive population.Methods:Using the database obtained from the 2013 China Chronic Disease and Risk Factor Surveillance and the 2013-2015 China Mental Health Survey,4 861 hypertensive residents were used as study subjects.And using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,Fourth Edition(DSM-Ⅳ)as diagnostic criterion for depressive and anxiety disorders,the 12-month prevalence was calculated.Multifactorial lo-gistic regression models were used to explore the association factors of hypertension comorbid depressive and anxie-ty disorders.Results:The 12-month prevalence rates of depressive disorders and anxiety disorders were 4.1％and 5.0％in 4 861 hypertensive residents.Chinese Han[OR(95％CI):2.00(1.01-3.93)],lack of sleep[OR(95％CI):1.82(1.34-2.48)],having myocardial infarction[OR(95％CI):2.35(1.18～4.67)]and stroke in the past year[OR(95％CI):2.10(1.19-3.72)],and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[OR(95％CI):2.11(1.11-4.05)]were risk factors of hypertension comorbid depressive disorder.Hypertensive people with controlled blood pressure[OR(95％CI):2.01(1.30-3.13)]had a higher risk of co-morbid depressive disorder than those with blood pressure above the normal range on this measurement.Chinese Han[OR(95％CI):2.51(1.32-4.80)],Southwest China[OR(95％CI):1.64(1.02-2.63)],and lack of sleep[OR(95％CI):1.45(1.09-1.93)]were risk factors of hypertension comorbid anxiety disorder.Former but current non-smoking[OR(95％CI):0.48(0.23-0.99)]was a protective factor of hypertension comorbid anxiety disorder.Conclusion:The 12-month prevalence of anxiety disorder was higher than that of depressive disorder in this hypertensive population.Both Han and sleep deprived hypertensive people had a higher risk of comorbid depressive and anxiety disorders.

Objective:To explore and compare the image quality and radiation dose between the spiral scanning and the axial scanning for skull phantom based on specific conditions.Methods:The position of the orbitomeatal base line(OBL)of the skull phantom was marked,and the different angles of elevation of skull were adjusted.The angles between OBL and bed surface were respectively set as 90°,100°,110° and 120°.The axial scanning and spiral scanning were respective adopted to conduct 24 times of image acquisition when the computed tomography dose index(CTDIvol)of fixed volume were respectively 40,50 and 60 mGy.The cross section of axial scanning was vertical to OBL,and the images of spiral scanning used the reconstructed technique of image quality enhancement(IQE)of removing spiral artifacts to conduct reconstruction along the OBL direction.The CT value(HU)and standard deviation(SD)of the bilateral cerebellum,temporal lobe,frontal lobe and parietal lobe of the phantom were measured,and the signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)of each lobe of the phantom was calculated.The CTDIvol and dose-length product(DLP)were recorded,and the effective dose(ED)of lens was calculated.Results:The differences of the SNR values of cerebellum and occipital lobe(R),cerebellum and occipital lobe(L),temporal lobe(R),temporal lobe(L),frontal lobe(R),frontal lobe(L),parietal lobe(R)and parietal lobe(L)between two kinds of scanning models were significant(F=6.48,5.83,7.00,6.20,7.30,8.26,5.72,5.83,P<0.05),respectively.There was significant difference in lens DLP between the two kinds of scanning models(F=10.96,P<0.05).The spiral scanning and IQE reconstructed technique were used to conduct image acquisition and processing.The SNR value of spiral scanning imaging was better than that of axial scanning,and the reconstructions of coronal and sagittal positions could be conducted,and the radiation doses of lens were similar,but the DLP value of spiral scanning was slightly higher than that of axial scanning at the same CTDIvol.Conclusion:Using the IQE reconstruction technique of spiral scanning can obtain satisfactory CT sectional images of skull under the situations that machine cannot change scanning angle or the scanning of axial position is unable to conduct cooperation.

ObjectiveTo construct a macro-evaluation tool for dampness syndrome （DS） animal model， which will provide a basis for experimental research on dampness syndrome in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）. MethodsConceptual framework of this study was clarified through discussions within the core working group， and dimensions of the evaluation of the animal model of DS were identified according to TCM principles. We searched CNKI， Wanfang， VIP and SinoMed databases from the inception to June 30th， 2023， on experiments involving dampness syndrome animals to create a pool of items about DS animal models. The core items were selected and extracted for factor analysis and cluster analysis. An expert importance rating questionnaire was developed based on the results of the literature review， analyzing the distribution of item scores， importance averages， and coefficient of variation. Through a comprehensive analysis of literature， expert importance scoring， and specific expert opinions， items that did not meet anyone of the criteria of average importance rating ≥2.04， coefficient of variation ≤30%， or literature eva-luation frequency ≥2% were removed， thereafter， the macro-evaluation tool for DS animal model was preliminarily constructed. ResultsSpirit and body state， autonomic activity state， body surface characteristics， diet， urination and defecation， tongue manifestation， and motor behavior assessment were constructed as the seven dimensions in the evaluation of DS animal model. A total of 348 papers about animal experiments were included and analyzed， resulting in a saturated pool of 72 items， which was refined to 38 core items of DS animal models. Factor analysis obtained 16 common factors， which were further clustered into two categories， named dampness transforming from heat syndrome and dampness transforming from cold syndrome. The expert importance scoring showed that the Kendall harmony coefficient was 0.359 （P＜0.05） indicating a high level of agreement， coordination and reliability among the experts. Notably， 50% or more of the experts considered the items thick and greasy tongue coating， unclean perianal area， loose stools， lethargy， unformed stools， and listless expression as very important. The median scores for all items were 2.04（1.73， 2.37）， with a coefficient of variation ranging from 19.73% to 53.38%. After expert evaluation， the macro-evaluation tool for DS animal model in TCM with 33 items and corresponding criteria for assessing the formation of DS models was finally contructed. ConclusionThe Macro-evaluation tool for DS animal model in TCM is highly scientific， credible， and operable， and can be utilized in DS animal experiments after its characteristics are actually evaluated.