Objective To investigate the characteristics of left and right ventricular volume and systolic function of tetralogy of Fallot(TOF)children by real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT-3DE).Methods Forty-five TOF children and 46 normal age-matched children were recruited in this study. Full volume imaging of left and right ventricle were obtained by RT-3DE and analyzed off-line by TomTec LV-Analysis and RV-Function.The measurements including:end-diastolic volume (LVEDV/RVEDV),end-systolic volume (LVESV/RVESV),ej ection fraction (LVEF/RVEF),peak systolic volume rate (LVPSVR/RVPSVR),stoke volume (LVSV/RVSV),cardiac output (LVCO/RVCO).And the volumetric parameters were indexed by BSA(indexed EDV,indexed SV,indexed CO).The measurements were compared between TOF group and normal group.The left and right ventricular measurements were also compared with each other within group.Results Compared with control group indexed LVEDV reduced in TOF group(P =0.000),while indexed RVEDV increased (P =0.002 ).For systolic function indexes:LVEF,RVEF, LVPSVR and RVPSVR in TOF group were both lower than that in normal group (P <0.05 ),indexed LVSV and indexed LVCO were also reduced (P <0.05 ),while indexed RVSV had no difference with normal(P >0.05)and indexed RVCO was increased (P =0.016).The volume and function comparision between left and right ventricle demonstrated:in normal group no difference were found in biventricular EDV,PSVR,SV,CO(P >0.05),except that LVEF was a litter higher than RVEF(P =0.000).In TOF group RVEDV,RVSV,RVCO were all greater than that of left ventricle(P <0.05),but RVEF was lower than LVEF(P =0.039).Conclusions In TOF group biventricular systolic function were both impaired and lost banlance between them.Under the volume and pressure overload the right ventricle improved pumping function by increasing heart rate.

Objective To understand the trends and characteristics of clinical trials on cancer pain medications in recent years,and to provide a reference basis for the development and clinical research of cancer pain medications.Methods Relevant information on clinical trials of cancer pain medications from 1987 to 2022 was retrieved from the ClinicalTrials.gov database,and a descriptive analysis was conducted from the perspectives of trial types,registration dates,reporting regions,cancer pain type,and cancer pain medications.Results A total of 376 clinical trials were selected,Among them,the number of investigator-initiated trials(IIT)was greater than that of industry-sponsored trials(IST).North America had the highest total number of projects,IIT and IST projects.The total number of trials and IST projects increased first and then decreased,while the number of IIT trials steadily increased.There was relatively higher amount nof research focused on chronic cancer pain,breakthrough cancer pain,and severe cancer pain.The highest proportion of subjects studied were opioids,with fentanyl being particularly prominent among them.Conclusion Clinical trials of cancer pain medications have played an important role in advancing cancer pain medication,but there is a need to further strengthen IST research on novel cancer pain medications and conduct more IIT studies to better optimize cancer pain treatment outcomes.